Jacob wresting the angel, Vienna Genesis

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Jacob wresting the angel, Vienna Genesis발음듣기

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[Steven] We're looking at one of the most important early manuscripts that has survived from the early Christian or Byzantine era.발음듣기

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This is from the early 6th century and it's called the Vienna Genesis.발음듣기

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It's a manuscript of the first book of the Bible.발음듣기

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[Nancy] And what we see are illustrations at the bottom of each page.발음듣기

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So the text is always on top and these illustrations are at the bottom. [Steven] This is really rare.발음듣기

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Books that are 1500 years old, don't often survive.발음듣기

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[Nancy] Books are often susceptible to fires and floods.발음듣기

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And so, this is a really unique object.발음듣기

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And it preserves some of the earliest narrative illustrations of Bible stories.발음듣기

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That's really important for Christian iconography.발음듣기

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[Steven] But this book is even more rare, then we might think.발음듣기

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Not only has it survived, but if you go back to the 6th century, there probably weren't that many books.발음듣기

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To produce a book was a major undertaking.발음듣기

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[Nancy] All of the pages, which are made from animal skin, were made in a process that's similar to making leather but not tanned.발음듣기

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And then all the pages were cut and ruled, and all of the text was written by hand and not in any way printed, using a press.발음듣기

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And so, that was a very time consuming process.발음듣기

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[Steven] And in this particular case, the text is written in silver, which has now tarnished, so it's black.발음듣기

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But originally, it must have been a gleaming surface and really sumptuous.발음듣기

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[Nancy] And it's been dyed purple, which perhaps suggests a royal commission.발음듣기

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Writing in silver and gold and dying parchment purple was seen as a very ostentatious thing.발음듣기

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And it's something that Saint Jerome, an early doctor of the church who translated the Bible into Latin, it's something he preached against as being very un-Christian and lacking humility.발음듣기

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[Steven] Now we're not sure who made this or where it was made.발음듣기

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Some scholars have suggested Constantinople, others have suggested Syria.발음듣기

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[Nancy] So this is kind of a strange story.발음듣기

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What we see is that Jacob wakes up and he leads his family across the river.발음듣기

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We see Jacob in brown with a red tunic.발음듣기

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And he's leading servants and his wives, his wives are on donkeys.발음듣기

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And then his sons are behind and they are crossing a river.발음듣기

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And we see a bridge. After they cross the river, Jacob becomes separated from his family and he meets a man.발음듣기

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And he wrestles with the man and he wants the man, or is often interpreted to be an angel, to bless him.발음듣기

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And the angel blesses him and then the family goes on their way.발음듣기

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One thing that happened as a result of this story, is that the Old Testament patriarch Jacob, is no longer called Jacob but he's called Israel.발음듣기

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And that's seen as being an important transformation in Jacob's life.발음듣기

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[Steven] It's a pretty simple story to convey in terms of the basic narrative.발음듣기

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But it's a more complex story, if one thinks about trying to convey the transformative aspect.발음듣기

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We see a kind of classical relief that has been bent in the middle.발음듣기

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I can almost imagine if that bridge was straightened out and this whole thing was unfurled, that this would make a perfect frieze, that could have been carved in stone.발음듣기

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And so, that classical tradition calls itself out to me.발음듣기

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[Nancy] I see the artist trying to find a way to stretch this very linear narrative and make it fit the space of the book.발음듣기

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Even though there is a sense that the figures on top are further away and the figures in the bottom are closer to us, but there is no differentiation in terms of size.발음듣기

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We have some interesting anecdotal details.발음듣기

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We see one servant or a son looking off the bridge and looking at the water running down below.발음듣기

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As you can imagine people doing when crossing a bridge.발음듣기

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And we see one of the wives turned around.발음듣기

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We see the form of her body underneath her drapery, which recalls more classical forms then the early Byzantine scene that we're looking at.발음듣기

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[Steven] And we see clear references to the classical, even in the architecture of the bridge.발음듣기

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Notice that the bridge includes a colonnade and we can imagine classical columns.발음듣기

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There are Roman arches that the water courses through underneath.발음듣기

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But I love the playfulness and the malleability of the bridge, the way in which the artist has been able to warp it around, so that we're seeing both its front side and on the opposite side on the lower right.발음듣기

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[Nancy] In a way it's very typical of early Christian or early Byzantine or late antique art, we can see that the sense of perspective is quite skewed.발음듣기

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If we look at the columns on the farther end of the bridge, they're taller and bigger then the columns that are nearer to us, which is the opposite of linear perspective or rational perspective.발음듣기

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And that mixing up of space, in a very intentional way, is typical of this time.발음듣기

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And so we have these classical elements and these more realistic elements, and they are at odds or there's a tension with the more Byzantine elements or medieval elements.발음듣기

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[Steven] Here's a moment where the physiciality of the figures, the sense that we really can understand their bodies below the cloth comes into play.발음듣기

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These are two bodies that are going at each other and although it may have a spiritual aspect to it.발음듣기

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Their physicality really comes into play.발음듣기

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[Nancy] And one of the details of the story, is that the angel touches Jacob's hip joint and we see that happening.발음듣기

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And it puts Jacob's hip out of joint and he hobbles away.발음듣기

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And that's a part of the story, and so we can see that pinnacle moment happening.발음듣기

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Although it's unclear exactly who was reading this book.발음듣기

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What I can imagine is an individual from a royal household sitting down to read, perhaps in the evening and the silver letters would be reflecting and shimmery, almost mystical candlelight.발음듣기

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And as they're reading, they're using the illustrations to contemplate and to bring this particular story to life.발음듣기

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