Alexander Sarcophagus발음듣기
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Alexander Sarcophagus
117문장
100% 한국어
번역 11명 참여
출처 : 칸아카데미
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(relaxing piano music) [Voiceover] We're in Istanbul at the Archeological Museum looking at one of their great treasures, the Alexander Sarcophagus.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So, a really big stone coffin and this stone happens to be the marble that the Greeks love to use.발음듣기
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One of the highest quality marbles valued for its clarity, its strength and its ability to carve up very well.발음듣기
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You can really get fine details and one of the most incredible things about this Sarcophagus is just how crisp it is. It's in incredible condition.발음듣기
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Now, necropolis is basically a city of the dead and a royal necropolis is a city of dead kings and their families.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] This city, the city of Sidon, which is in present day, Lebanon had been a major Phoenician city.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And the Phoenicians, they may not sound familiar to you but one of their most famous colonies will and that's the colony of Carthage in modern day Tunisia.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] The Punic Wars. Particularly, the second Punic War with Hannibal who crossed the Alps with his elephants.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Now, archeologists have tried to figure out whose tomb this was and there is some consensus that this tomb belonged to the King of Sidon.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Quality of workmanship is extraordinary and it's interesting that this Sarcophagus is actually in the shape of a Greek Temple.발음듣기
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One can think about the massive temple structures across Asia Minor, Greece or in the classical period, one can think of the Siphnian Treasury in Delphi.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] But let's get to the friezes because those are the stars. [Voiceover] The friezes are remarkable.발음듣기
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What we see is this incredibly complicated interlacing of figures that are carved with a tremendous naturalism.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Incredible emotion and pathos, One figure that immediately jumps out is the man on horseback and his head is covered with a lion's skin, which makes him almost immediately identifiable to us.발음듣기
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Alexander the Great starts off by conquering the Greeks, consolidating his power and then turning that combined force against the Persians in the east.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] The Persians were still this remarkable empire despite the defeats that they had suffered at the hands of the Greeks in the 5th Century.발음듣기
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They were still this empire that controlled large parts of Asia and they were a force to be reckoned with and Alexander against all odds, took on the empire and attempted to conquer it, which he did.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And art historians have speculated that the scene that's being represented in this frieze is the Battle of Issus, which was one of the most decisive battles where Alexander routed a much larger army of the Persians.발음듣기
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He had been fighting Persians but it's also the central figure that's led many art historians towards this interpretation.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And that central figure would be the King of Sidon and he was appointed to that position by Alexander after that battle.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] The other issue is of course, they're losing but before we go any further, let's go back to Alexander and figure out how it is that we can recognize that this is him. He's wearing a lion's hat.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] The other reason why people often identify this figure as Alexander is because of the Alexander Mosaic.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And art historians believe that that Mosaic and possible this frieze had a common source.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And so that has allowed scholars to feel quite comfortable in identifying this figure as Alexander.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] The other issue is simply the nobility with which Alexander is represented and with which the victors are represented here.발음듣기
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It like all of the horse's bridles and other weapons, have been removed but we can see that that spear would have been slaying the man who is desperately trying to get off his horse, which has fallen.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] He's got his right arm thrown back over his forehead and his left arm is reaching up.발음듣기
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He's taking aim but what's really remarkable is if you look at his leggings, there are clear traces of the original paint.발음듣기
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This is such a great reminder that the pristine white marble that we take for granted as being Greek is absolutely inaccurate in a lot of cases. These sculptures were painted.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] We know that there was yellow, red, purples and blues and a bit of violet and variations within those major colors but what you can see here is this pattern almost of a harlequin design on his trousers but his shoe also has a red tint to it.발음듣기
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You can start to visualize colors back in and that would have made the composition even more dynamic, the strife, the struggle in the battle even more real to the viewer.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] If you look at the dead body just to right of the archer, you can actually see the wound in his side and red paint that has been used to express the blood.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And that's something we also see on the other side in the hunt scene where the lion is being pierced and we can see red, also his blood pouring down. [Voiceover] Let's go look.발음듣기
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You can think of major Assyrian reliefs, some Ninevah, things that are in the British museum.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Lion hunts were very significant parts of kingship, including a hunting scene would be very typical of a monument that was created for a king but there's something else that's very striking.발음듣기
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We have Greeks and Persians but they don't seem to be fighting each other. [Voiceover] No, they're working together.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Alexander does aim for something that's very different for many of kingdoms in the past in this part of the world.발음듣기
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He wanted to create an empire where the Greeks soldiers and his army, the Macedonian soldiers would intermarry with local women along the way to solidify the base of the empire.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And this must've been important to the Phoenicians who wanted to be on an equal status with the Greeks.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] It also shows that people who are not specifically Greek use Greek iconography, Greek motifs, clearly, the sculptural traditions of the Greeks, what we often see to be clear ethnic boundaries or political or cultural boundaries are actually a bit more fuzzy.발음듣기
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There is a clarity that reminds us that this is not long after the high point of Greek classicism in the 5th century.발음듣기
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There is a kind of energy that is new and we know with hindsight that this is moving towards what we will call the Hellenistic style.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] You really see the movement particularly, by looking at the cloaks and the capes.발음듣기
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We have a Greek figure here on a horse and you can see yellow paint would have been there but the cape is waving back and so it really adds this phenomenal movement.발음듣기
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I can really get a sense of the movement of his body and the way in which the cloth is responding just a moment later.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Exactly, and he also has his arms pull back, so you can reimagine the bow and arrow, which would have been made of metal.발음듣기
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You can see that tension that's being created in his arms to almost send the arrow out towards the lion to help in this great hunt to kill this amazing beast.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] One of the details I find most compelling in terms of energizing the scene and giving a sense of time and movement is the rider of that central horse.발음듣기
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The horse is moving up and down quickly and you can see that his shirt is wafting up because his body has moved down very quickly.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And that continues all the way across the relief even to this final figure at the end.발음듣기
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Greek is pulling back on the stag's massive horns and you feel the movement coming actually less from the Greek figure.발음듣기
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Almost looks a little bit static with his arm and his upper body but in fact, through the Persian figure, he has an axe and he is about to swing it down and hit the stag right in the chest and that kind of movement helps your eye come all the way back in but it also conveys the dynamic nature that permeates this entire side.발음듣기
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We can see how these two sides are related in terms of their organization but also the two stories that they're telling.발음듣기
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We see the Persians going from the enemy to being allies, to being incorporated into a larger world.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] This larger narrative is important because it may give us insight into Alexander's larger political aims but this sarcophagus itself is also just a treasure.발음듣기
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It is so rare that we have early 4th century Greek carving at this level that is in this kind of pristine condition.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Often art historians have held up 5th century Athens as the pinnacle of artistic creation in the Greek world but I think at looking at something like this, you can see that there is no element of what art historians might have traditional in term, decline.발음듣기
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