Fundamentals: Implicit premise

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Fundamentals: Implicit premise발음듣기

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(intro music) Hi, I'm Kelley Schiffman.발음듣기

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I'm a PHD student at Yale University, and today I'd like to talk about suppressed premises.발음듣기

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So, very often when we present an argument for a conclusion, we don't explicitly state all the premises required for getting to the conclusion.발음듣기

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Consider this example: Premise (1): Mike is a Canadian.발음듣기

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Conclusion: Mike must be polite.발음듣기

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To get from the premise that Mike is a Canadian to the conclusion that Mike is polite, we need a second premise saying that all Canadians are polite.발음듣기

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Only then is this argument strictly valid.발음듣기

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Only then does the conclusion follow from the premises.발음듣기

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Now, premise two here, the premise that all Canadians are polite, is an example of what we call a "suppressed premise."발음듣기

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Consider this other example. Premise (1): Smoking will damage your health.발음듣기

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Conclusion: So, you shouldn't do it.발음듣기

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Here, the suppressed premise is the claim that you shouldn't do things that damage your health.발음듣기

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Now, notice that in both of these cases, even though these suppressed premises are required for the argument to be valid, it seems nonetheless acceptable to leave them only implicit, to not state them explicitly.발음듣기

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But why is this? I would suggest the following: that it's okay to keep a premise suppressed if two conditions are met.발음듣기

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First, that the premise is uncontroversial.발음듣기

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And second, that it's obvious to the person being presented with the argument.발음듣기

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If both of these conditions are met, then it seems acceptable to keep the premise suppressed.발음듣기

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Sometimes, however, a premise will be left implicit, it will be left suppressed, even if it fails to meet these conditions.발음듣기

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Now, sometimes this is done unintentionally.발음듣기

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Other times it's done in order to make the argument appear more persuasive than it really is.발음듣기

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Regardless, that's why it's important to be sensitive to the possibility of suppressed premises, and to develop a habit for identifying them.발음듣기

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Consider the following argument. Premise (1): Killing an innocent person is wrong.발음듣기

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Conclusion: Therefore, abortion is wrong.발음듣기

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The suppressed premise here is something like "To have an abortion is to kill an innocent person."발음듣기

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That's the suppressed premise. Now, regardless of whether this premise is true or false, it certainly isn't uncontroversial.발음듣기

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It doesn't meet condition one. Nor can one count on others taking this premise to be obvious.발음듣기

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It doesn't meet condition two. It's therefore a premise that should be made explicit and critically reflected upon when assessing the strength of the argument.발음듣기

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It's in cases like this where sensitivity to suppressed premises is truly important.발음듣기

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