Ethics: God and morality part 1

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Ethics: God and morality part 1발음듣기

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(Intro music) My name is Stephen Darwall and I teach philosophy at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.발음듣기

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And today I want to discuss morality and God.발음듣기

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Is God necessary for morality? Would anything be right or wrong if God did not command or prohibit it?발음듣기

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In Dostoyevsky's "Brothers Karamazov," the character Ivan says, "If God doesn't exist, then anything is permitted."발음듣기

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This is a version of the view that is sometimes called the "divine command theory."발음듣기

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The divine command theory holds that morality just is God's commandments and prohibitions.발음듣기

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If there were no God who commands us to act in certain ways, then nothing would be morally right or wrong.발음듣기

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Actually, strictly speaking, nothing would be permitted either, despite what Ivan says.발음듣기

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The categories of moral right, wrong, and permissibility simply wouldn't apply.발음듣기

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This is the view I want to consider.발음듣기

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I'll be trying to illustrate how the truth of two assumptions, (1) that God exists and (2) that it's morally wrong to violate God's commands, do not imply (3) that moral right and wrong just consist in God's commands and prohibitions.발음듣기

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And to make this especially vivid, I will show how if one believes (2), that is, that it's morally wrong to violate God's commands for certain reasons, then far from that implying the divine command theory, it actually implies that the divine command theory is false, because it implies that there must be truths about moral right and wrong that are independent of God's commands.발음듣기

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First, however, let's notice some reasons that one might be attracted to holding the divine command theory.발음듣기

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One is that it explains the close connection between the idea of morality and that of law or requirement.발음듣기

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What is morally wrong to do is not just what there are good reasons not to do.발음듣기

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It is what one is morally obligated not to do.발음듣기

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That suggests that morality is a kind of law.발음듣기

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And the divine command theory can explain why that's so: God's commands create the moral law.발음듣기

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Secondly, the theory also explains the contrast between any earthly law, or any society's mores or morality and what we might call "morality itself," or "morality with a capital 'M,'" that is, genuinely obligating moral norms or the truths of moral right and wrong.발음듣기

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Consider for example Huck Finn's quandary in Mark Twain's novel "Huckleberry Finn," which is set in Missouri before the Civil War.발음듣기

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Huck has become close to Jim, who is a runaway slave.발음듣기

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Under the Fugitive Slave Act, Huck is legally required to turn Jim in.발음듣기

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And Huck believes also that according to the moral convictions of his time and place he's morally required to do so as well.발음듣기

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Indeed, he thinks that God's commands require him to do so and that, as he says, he'll go to hell if he doesn't turn Jim in.발음듣기

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But feeling a profound bond with Jim as a fellow human being, Huck simply can't bring himself to do so.발음듣기

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Now obviously Twain is assuming that his readers will agree with Huck's expression of common humanity and disagree with Huck's belief that it would actually be morally wrong not to turn Jim in. even if they also agree that this would be contrary to the morality of the Antebellum South and Missouri.발음듣기

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What makes the novel so powerful is that despite himself Huck seems to sense that morality doesn't actually prohibit, in fact that it may actually require, or at least recommend, that someone in his situation violate the Fugitive Slave Law and oppose slavery, since slavery's a morally evil institution.발음듣기

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The divine command theory could explain this distinction between morality and any society's laws or mores.발음듣기

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Although Huck thinks that God commands us to return a runaway slave or always to obey the law, we may think that God does not actually command that.발음듣기

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God commands that people oppose slavery.발음듣기

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The divine command theory is an attractive view precisely because it can explain our sense that morality transcends any earthly law or social understanding.발음듣기

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Still, that doesn't show that morality is the same thing as God's commands, in the sense that if there were no divine commands, then nothing would be right or wrong.발음듣기

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