The Forum of Trajan발음듣기
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The Forum of Trajan
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(music) [Steven] We're standing at a terrace looking out over Rome and more specifically, over the Imperial Fora.발음듣기
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It's a civic space. [Steven] It was an administrative center, it was a commercial center, and it was a political and social center.발음듣기
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[Beth] So there was a long tradition of forums going back to the period of Ancient Rome and Republic and that's what we see in this space called the Roman Forum today.발음듣기
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He builds his own forum. [Beth] The main area of the forum got too busy and Caesar wanted to showcase his own political power and so beginning with Caesar, we get a series of forums built by various emperors.발음듣기
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And Apollodorus was tasked with removing the hill that was in the way or at least a good portion of it in order to build the forum.발음듣기
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Unfortunately, what we see now are the foundations and the ruins and the walls of medieval houses that were built on that earlier classical structure.발음듣기
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[Beth] Perhaps archaeologists in the future will one day decide to dig deeper and to discover what remains of the Forum of Trajan.발음듣기
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But we can see an area that was excavated that was Trajan's and that's the area of the Basilica Ulpia.발음듣기
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[Steven] Trajan's Forum is almost the size of all of the Imperial Fora put together. [Beth] It was incredibly extravagant.발음듣기
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[Steven] We think that at the top was a sculpture of a chariot pulled by six horses with the Emperor Trajan followed by the Goddess of Victory.발음듣기
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[Beth] Then once you enter the space of the forum, within the center was an equestrian sculpture, a sculpture showing Trajan on a horse.발음듣기
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To get an idea of what that looked like, we can think of the equestrian sculpture of Marcus Aurelius that survived.발음듣기
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[Steven] This enormous space would be flanked by huge sloped areas which are called exedrae.발음듣기
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But as we look forward, we would look at one flank of the largest basilica in Rome, the Basilica Ulpia.발음듣기
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[Beth] Imagine a public space filled with niches with sculpture in them, relief carvings, free standing sculpture commemorating the great emperors and politicians, and military leaders of ancient Rome.발음듣기
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[Steven] There were beautiful colored marbles in the paving stones as well as in the structures themselves.발음듣기
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There were two libraries on either side; one for Greek literature and one for Roman literature.발음듣기
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[Steven] In fact, the Greek and Latin library were designed with porches, so that you can get a great view of the relief carving on the Column of Trajan.발음듣기
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The Column of Trajan is in extraordinarily good condition considering that the rest of this area has been destroyed.발음듣기
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When you look at the Column of Trajan, the point was to see the story of Trajan's great military exploits, specifically the two campaigns which lasted over several years where he defeated the Dacians.발음듣기
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[Steven] Throughout his Imperial Forum, Trajan had sculptures of captured Dacians, showing the Dacians as quite noble as formidable adversaries.발음듣기
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[Beth] But it was easy to recognize the Dacians because they looked very different from the Romans.발음듣기
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And so anyone looking at the sculptures could easily tell these were the defeated foes and there was a sense of the correctness of what the Romans had done.발음듣기
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[Beth] So when you approach the forum, you would see the equestrian sculpture and then the Column of Trajan.발음듣기
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And on top of the Column of Trajan, now, we see a sculpture of St. Peter, but originally, there's a sculpture of Trajan.발음듣기
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[Steven] The pillar is 125 feet tall and it marks the height of the hill that was removed by Apollodorus of Damascus in order to build the forum here.발음듣기
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[Beth] So, we have the forum, beyond that, the Basilica Ulpia, beyond that, the libraries with the column in the center, and beyond that, Trajan had planned a temple.발음듣기
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Temples were always part of forum complexes, but Trajan died before he could build it, but it was built by the succeeding Emperor Hadrian who built it in honor of the deified Trajan.발음듣기
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[Steven] This Imperial Forum with it's large open courtyard, with its basilica, with its libraries, with its column with its temple, would have been a civic space.발음듣기
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It would have been a ceremonial space, but just adjacent to it, built into the hill, and in part, helping to hold the hill up, is the Markets of Trajan and most of this area survives intact.발음듣기
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[Steven] So often, when we think of Ancient Rome and architecture, we think of forums, we think of temples, but in fact, the Romans were extremely adept at building dense, multi-storey buildings very much like our modern shopping malls or apartment buildings.발음듣기
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