The excretory system: From your heart to the toilet발음듣기
대기중
The excretory system: From your heart to the toilet
96문장
0% 중국어
번역 1명 참여
출처 : 칸아카데미
The excretory system: From your heart to the toilet
Hank: One of the coolest and most important things that our bodies do is maintain this thing called homeostasis.
It's the regulation of the stable internal environment, no matter where we are or what we're doing.
After all we put our body through a lot every single day, we're always adding food and liquid and chemicals and we're constantly changing temperature in our levels of activities but our bodies can roll with it.
It's like no big deal for them.
All of our organ systems have some hand in maintaining homeostasis, I mean it's basically the thing that makes us not dead, but the excretory system a.k.a. the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra is the star quarterback of the homeostasis team.
That's because your excretory system is responsible for maintaining the right levels of water and dissolved substances in your body.
This is called osmoregulation and it's how our bodies get rid of the stuff we don't need like the byproducts of metabolizing food, while also making sure that we don't get dehydrated.
It's the body's greatest balancing act and your body is doing it right now and all of the time as long as you're not dead.
(upbeat music) As with other organ systems we've talked about, not all excretory systems in the animal kingdom are created equal.
Different animals excrete wastes different ways based on their evolutionary history, what environments they live in, and what their hobbies and interests are.
These factors all influence how an animal regulates water and most metabolic waste needs to be dissolved in water in order to be excreted.
The problem is a main byproduct of metabolizing food is ammonia which comes from breaking down proteins and it's pretty toxic so depending on how much water is available to an animal and how easy it is for the animal to lug a bunch of water around inside it, animals convert this ammonia into either urea or uric acid.
Mammals like us as well as amphibians and some marine animals like sharks and sea turtles convert ammonia into urea, a compound made from combining ammonia and carbon dioxide in their livers.
The advantage of urea is its very low toxicity.
It can hang out in your circulatory systems for a while with no ill effects but you have to have some extra water available to dissolve it and get rid of it.
This isn't such a tall order really, I mean peeing isn't a huge inconvenience...
I mean, is it? It's not for me, anyway.
Well it would be though if you were a bird or an insect or a lizard living in the desert.
Animals that have to be light enough to fly or don't have a bunch of spare water hanging around convert ammonia into uric acid which can be excreted as kind of paste so not a lot of water is needed.
Using bird poop, if you haven't taken a close look next time, do that, just look.
The white stuff in the bird droppings is actually the uric acid they pee and the brown stuff is the poop.
So now that we've established what is and what is not bird poop, let's get down to the brass tacks of how humans get all of this urea out of our blood and into our toilets.
The excretory system starts with the kidneys.
The organs that do all the heavy lifting from maintaining those levels of water and dissolved materials in our bodies to controlling our blood pressure.
And even though they do an amazing job, I'm not badmouthing your kidneys here, the way that they do it is frankly a little bit janky and inefficient.
They start out by filtering a bunch of fluid and the stuff dissolved in the fluid out of your blood and then they basically reabsorb 99 percent of it back before sending that one percent on its way in the form of urine. Seriously 99 percent gets reabsorbed.
On an average day your kidneys filter out about 180 liters of fluid from your blood but only 1.5 liters of that ends up getting peed out.
So most of your excretory system isn't dedicated to excreting, it's dedicated to reabsorbing.
But the system works, obviously. I'm still alive so we can't argue with that.
Now it is time to get into the nitty-gritty details of how your kidneys do all this and it's pretty cool but there's lots of weird words so get ready.
Your kidneys do all this work using a network of tiny filtering structures called nephrons, each one of your mango sized kidneys has about a million of them.
If you were, don't do this, but if you were to unravel all of your nephrons and put them end to end they would stretch over 80 kilometers.
This is where all the crazy action happens so to understand how they work, we're just going to follow the flow from your heart to the toilet.
Blood from the heart enters the kidneys through renal arteries and just so you know, whenever you hear the word renal, it means we're dealing with kidney stuff.
As the blood enters it's forced into a system of tiny capillaries until it enters a tangle of porous capillaries called the glomerulus.
This is the starting point for a single nephron.
The pressure in the glomerulus is high enough that it squeezes some of the fluid out of the blood, about 20 percent of it, and into a cup-like sac called the bowman's capsule.
The stuff that gets squeezed out is no longer blood, it is now called filtrate.
It's made up of water, urea, some smaller ions and molecules like sodium, glucose and amino acids.
The bigger stuff in your blood like the red blood cells and the larger proteins, they don't get filtered.
Now the filtrate is ready to be processed from the bowman's capsule it flows into a twisted tube called the proximal convoluted tubule which means the tube near the beginning and that is all windy.
Why are we so bad at naming things?
Anyway, this is the first of two convoluted tubules in the nephron and these along with other tubules we're talking about are where the osmoregulation takes place.
With all kinds of tricked out specialized pumps and other kinds of active and passive transport, they reabsorb water and dissolve materials to create whatever balance your body needs at the time.
In the proximal tubule it's mainly organic solutes and the filtrate that are reabsorbed like glucose and amino acids and other important stuff that you want to hang onto.
But it also helps to recapture some sodium and potassium and water that we're going to want later.
From here the filtrate enters the loop of Henle, which is a long hairpin shaped tubule that passes through the two main layers of the kidney.
The outermost layer is the renal cortex, that's where the glomerulus and the bowman's capsule and both convoluted tubules are and the layer beneath that is the renal medulla which is the center of the kidney.
Cortex, by the way, is Latin for tree bark so whenever you see it in biology you know that it's the outside of something.
Medulla, on the other hand, meaning marrow or pith, so you know that it's the inside, just to help you remember this stuff.
But before we take a tour of this amazing loop, I have to do a couple of things.
First, go pee because this is, you know.
And second, a biolography so I'll be right back.
(piano playing) The loop of Henle was discovered by 19th century German physician and anatomist Friedrich Gustov Jakob Henle and I'm pretty sure he's just one of those guys that you can't gross out because he spent most of his career dissecting kidneys and eyeballs and brains and also seemed to be a huge fan of mucous and pus.
He was, by far, the most important anatomist of his time.
His three volume handbook of systematic human anatomy was recognized as the definitive anatomy textbook of its day and was famous for its exquisite attention to detail and its intricate, even beautiful, illustrations.
Not only did Henle discover the loop of Henle, arguably the lynchpin of kidney function in mammals, he was also an early adopter of the wildly unpopular germ theory of disease.
His student Robert Koch is considered to be one of the founders of microbiology and the two worked together to formulate the Henle-Koch postulates which today remain the four conditions that must be met to establish a causal relationship between a microbe and a disease.
Henle taught the world so much about the human body that there are, right now in you, no fewer than nine features that bear his name.
From the Henle's fissures between the muscle fibers of your heart, to the crypts of Henle which are microscopic pockets in the whites of your eyes, also the name of my Cradle of Filth cover band. Alright, so review time.
We've squeezed some filtrate out of the blood and reabsorbed some of the important organic molecules we want to keep.
But most of the absorption action happens here in the loop of Henle which does three really important things.
One, it extracts most of the water that we need from the filtrate as it travels down to the medulla.
Two, it pumps out the salts that we want to keep on the way back up to the cortex.
And three, in the process of doing all that it makes the medulla hypertonic or super salty relative to the filtrate, creating a concentration gradient that will allow the medulla to draw out even more water one last time from the filtrate before the final journey to the toilet begins.
It's complicated and again, kind of janky, but it's what allows us mammals to create urine that's as concentrated as necessary using only the amount of water that our bodies can spare at the time.
So first, filtrate starts going down the loop and the thing to know here is that the membrane is highly permeable to water.
Not so much to salt or anything else, mainly water.
Now compared to the filtrate, the tissue of the medulla is already pretty salty and as the filtrate processes the surrounding tissue becomes increasingly hypertonic.
The farther down you go the saltier it gets.
So applying everything that we've learned about osmosis, you know that as the filtrate moves along it loses more and more water through the membrane.
By the time the filtrate gets to the bottom of the loop, it's highly concentrated.
Now the filtrate enters the ascending end of the loop and here it's basically the same but in reverse, the membrane is not permeable to water and instead it's lined with channels that transport ions like sodium, potassium and chlorine.
And because the filtrate is so concentrated now it's actually hypertonic compared to the fluid outside the medulla.
So as it ascends, huge amount of salts start flowing out of the filtrate, which makes the renal medulla really really really salty.
This salty medulla also creates a concentration gradient between the medulla and the filtrate which we're going to need in the final step of pee-making.
But first, once the filtrate is back up in the cortex and out of the loop, it enters the second of our convoluted tubules called the distal convoluted tubule or farther away curly tube.
While the first tubule worked mostly in the reabsorbing of organic compounds in the filtrate, here the focus is on regulating levels of potassium, sodium and calcium.
This work is mainly done by pumps and hormones that regulate the re-absorption process.
By the time it's done, we have finally taken everything we want to keep out of the filtrate, so now it's mainly just excess water, urea and other metabolic waste.
This stuff all gets dumped into collecting ducts that channel it back down to the center of the kidney, the medulla.
And remember, the medulla is super salty, right?
Now more hormones kick in that tell the collecting ducts how porous to make their membranes.
If the membranes are made very porous, more water is absorbed into the medulla which makes the urine, yes we can start calling it urine now, even more concentrated.
And here's a fun fact if you've ever had one drink too many, you might have noticed that you start to pee a lot and your pee is clear.
That's because alcohol interferes with these hormones, especially one called anti-diuretic hormone which tells the collecting ducts to be very porous so that you reabsorb most of the water.
With those hormones all confused and out of commission you just start peeing out all kinds of water, which also means you're getting dehydrated, which means you're officially on a one way trip to hangover city so now you know why that happens.
Now at this point the urine leaves both kidneys and flows down to the urinary bladder by tubes called ureters.
Once in the bladder the urine just sits around waiting for us to decide when it's time to find a bathroom and when that time comes the little sphincter muscle relaxes and releases the urine from the bladder into a tube called the urethra which empties out wherever you point it.
So that's how your excretory system works and that's basically how it works for most mammals.
Although some modifications are made based on, again, where they live and what they do.
For instance, kangaroo rats, which are tiny and adorable and live in the desert, have the most concentrated urine of any animal anywhere because it can't spare the water.
So it has a very very long loop of Henle that reabsorbs most of the water from the filtrate.
On the other end of the spectrum we have the beavers who have very short loops of Henle because they're like, water re-absorption, schmotter reabsmortion, do you see what I do all day?
And so now you know the true origins of pee.
번역
0%
Hank: One of the coolest and most important things that our bodies do is maintain this thing called homeostasis.발음듣기
대기중
It's the regulation of the stable internal environment, no matter where we are or what we're doing.발음듣기
대기중
After all we put our body through a lot every single day, we're always adding food and liquid and chemicals and we're constantly changing temperature in our levels of activities but our bodies can roll with it.발음듣기
대기중
All of our organ systems have some hand in maintaining homeostasis, I mean it's basically the thing that makes us not dead, but the excretory system a.k.a. the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra is the star quarterback of the homeostasis team.발음듣기
대기중
That's because your excretory system is responsible for maintaining the right levels of water and dissolved substances in your body.발음듣기
대기중
This is called osmoregulation and it's how our bodies get rid of the stuff we don't need like the byproducts of metabolizing food, while also making sure that we don't get dehydrated.발음듣기
대기중
It's the body's greatest balancing act and your body is doing it right now and all of the time as long as you're not dead.발음듣기
대기중
(upbeat music) As with other organ systems we've talked about, not all excretory systems in the animal kingdom are created equal.발음듣기
대기중
Different animals excrete wastes different ways based on their evolutionary history, what environments they live in, and what their hobbies and interests are.발음듣기
대기중
These factors all influence how an animal regulates water and most metabolic waste needs to be dissolved in water in order to be excreted.발음듣기
대기중
The problem is a main byproduct of metabolizing food is ammonia which comes from breaking down proteins and it's pretty toxic so depending on how much water is available to an animal and how easy it is for the animal to lug a bunch of water around inside it, animals convert this ammonia into either urea or uric acid.발음듣기
대기중
Mammals like us as well as amphibians and some marine animals like sharks and sea turtles convert ammonia into urea, a compound made from combining ammonia and carbon dioxide in their livers.발음듣기
대기중
It can hang out in your circulatory systems for a while with no ill effects but you have to have some extra water available to dissolve it and get rid of it.발음듣기
대기중
Animals that have to be light enough to fly or don't have a bunch of spare water hanging around convert ammonia into uric acid which can be excreted as kind of paste so not a lot of water is needed.발음듣기
대기중
The white stuff in the bird droppings is actually the uric acid they pee and the brown stuff is the poop.발음듣기
대기중
So now that we've established what is and what is not bird poop, let's get down to the brass tacks of how humans get all of this urea out of our blood and into our toilets.발음듣기
대기중
The organs that do all the heavy lifting from maintaining those levels of water and dissolved materials in our bodies to controlling our blood pressure.발음듣기
대기중
And even though they do an amazing job, I'm not badmouthing your kidneys here, the way that they do it is frankly a little bit janky and inefficient.발음듣기
대기중
They start out by filtering a bunch of fluid and the stuff dissolved in the fluid out of your blood and then they basically reabsorb 99 percent of it back before sending that one percent on its way in the form of urine. Seriously 99 percent gets reabsorbed.발음듣기
대기중
On an average day your kidneys filter out about 180 liters of fluid from your blood but only 1.5 liters of that ends up getting peed out.발음듣기
대기중
So most of your excretory system isn't dedicated to excreting, it's dedicated to reabsorbing.발음듣기
대기중
Now it is time to get into the nitty-gritty details of how your kidneys do all this and it's pretty cool but there's lots of weird words so get ready.발음듣기
대기중
Your kidneys do all this work using a network of tiny filtering structures called nephrons, each one of your mango sized kidneys has about a million of them.발음듣기
대기중
If you were, don't do this, but if you were to unravel all of your nephrons and put them end to end they would stretch over 80 kilometers.발음듣기
대기중
This is where all the crazy action happens so to understand how they work, we're just going to follow the flow from your heart to the toilet.발음듣기
대기중
Blood from the heart enters the kidneys through renal arteries and just so you know, whenever you hear the word renal, it means we're dealing with kidney stuff.발음듣기
대기중
As the blood enters it's forced into a system of tiny capillaries until it enters a tangle of porous capillaries called the glomerulus.발음듣기
대기중
The pressure in the glomerulus is high enough that it squeezes some of the fluid out of the blood, about 20 percent of it, and into a cup-like sac called the bowman's capsule.발음듣기
대기중
It's made up of water, urea, some smaller ions and molecules like sodium, glucose and amino acids.발음듣기
대기중
The bigger stuff in your blood like the red blood cells and the larger proteins, they don't get filtered.발음듣기
대기중
Now the filtrate is ready to be processed from the bowman's capsule it flows into a twisted tube called the proximal convoluted tubule which means the tube near the beginning and that is all windy.발음듣기
대기중
Anyway, this is the first of two convoluted tubules in the nephron and these along with other tubules we're talking about are where the osmoregulation takes place.발음듣기
대기중
With all kinds of tricked out specialized pumps and other kinds of active and passive transport, they reabsorb water and dissolve materials to create whatever balance your body needs at the time.발음듣기
대기중
In the proximal tubule it's mainly organic solutes and the filtrate that are reabsorbed like glucose and amino acids and other important stuff that you want to hang onto.발음듣기
대기중
But it also helps to recapture some sodium and potassium and water that we're going to want later.발음듣기
대기중
From here the filtrate enters the loop of Henle, which is a long hairpin shaped tubule that passes through the two main layers of the kidney.발음듣기
대기중
The outermost layer is the renal cortex, that's where the glomerulus and the bowman's capsule and both convoluted tubules are and the layer beneath that is the renal medulla which is the center of the kidney.발음듣기
대기중
Cortex, by the way, is Latin for tree bark so whenever you see it in biology you know that it's the outside of something.발음듣기
대기중
Medulla, on the other hand, meaning marrow or pith, so you know that it's the inside, just to help you remember this stuff.발음듣기
대기중
(piano playing) The loop of Henle was discovered by 19th century German physician and anatomist Friedrich Gustov Jakob Henle and I'm pretty sure he's just one of those guys that you can't gross out because he spent most of his career dissecting kidneys and eyeballs and brains and also seemed to be a huge fan of mucous and pus.발음듣기
대기중
His three volume handbook of systematic human anatomy was recognized as the definitive anatomy textbook of its day and was famous for its exquisite attention to detail and its intricate, even beautiful, illustrations.발음듣기
대기중
Not only did Henle discover the loop of Henle, arguably the lynchpin of kidney function in mammals, he was also an early adopter of the wildly unpopular germ theory of disease.발음듣기
대기중
His student Robert Koch is considered to be one of the founders of microbiology and the two worked together to formulate the Henle-Koch postulates which today remain the four conditions that must be met to establish a causal relationship between a microbe and a disease.발음듣기
대기중
Henle taught the world so much about the human body that there are, right now in you, no fewer than nine features that bear his name.발음듣기
대기중
From the Henle's fissures between the muscle fibers of your heart, to the crypts of Henle which are microscopic pockets in the whites of your eyes, also the name of my Cradle of Filth cover band. Alright, so review time.발음듣기
대기중
We've squeezed some filtrate out of the blood and reabsorbed some of the important organic molecules we want to keep.발음듣기
대기중
But most of the absorption action happens here in the loop of Henle which does three really important things.발음듣기
대기중
One, it extracts most of the water that we need from the filtrate as it travels down to the medulla.발음듣기
대기중
And three, in the process of doing all that it makes the medulla hypertonic or super salty relative to the filtrate, creating a concentration gradient that will allow the medulla to draw out even more water one last time from the filtrate before the final journey to the toilet begins.발음듣기
대기중
It's complicated and again, kind of janky, but it's what allows us mammals to create urine that's as concentrated as necessary using only the amount of water that our bodies can spare at the time.발음듣기
대기중
So first, filtrate starts going down the loop and the thing to know here is that the membrane is highly permeable to water.발음듣기
대기중
Now compared to the filtrate, the tissue of the medulla is already pretty salty and as the filtrate processes the surrounding tissue becomes increasingly hypertonic.발음듣기
대기중
So applying everything that we've learned about osmosis, you know that as the filtrate moves along it loses more and more water through the membrane.발음듣기
대기중
Now the filtrate enters the ascending end of the loop and here it's basically the same but in reverse, the membrane is not permeable to water and instead it's lined with channels that transport ions like sodium, potassium and chlorine.발음듣기
대기중
And because the filtrate is so concentrated now it's actually hypertonic compared to the fluid outside the medulla.발음듣기
대기중
So as it ascends, huge amount of salts start flowing out of the filtrate, which makes the renal medulla really really really salty.발음듣기
대기중
This salty medulla also creates a concentration gradient between the medulla and the filtrate which we're going to need in the final step of pee-making.발음듣기
대기중
But first, once the filtrate is back up in the cortex and out of the loop, it enters the second of our convoluted tubules called the distal convoluted tubule or farther away curly tube.발음듣기
대기중
While the first tubule worked mostly in the reabsorbing of organic compounds in the filtrate, here the focus is on regulating levels of potassium, sodium and calcium.발음듣기
대기중
By the time it's done, we have finally taken everything we want to keep out of the filtrate, so now it's mainly just excess water, urea and other metabolic waste.발음듣기
대기중
This stuff all gets dumped into collecting ducts that channel it back down to the center of the kidney, the medulla.발음듣기
대기중
Now more hormones kick in that tell the collecting ducts how porous to make their membranes.발음듣기
대기중
If the membranes are made very porous, more water is absorbed into the medulla which makes the urine, yes we can start calling it urine now, even more concentrated.발음듣기
대기중
And here's a fun fact if you've ever had one drink too many, you might have noticed that you start to pee a lot and your pee is clear.발음듣기
대기중
That's because alcohol interferes with these hormones, especially one called anti-diuretic hormone which tells the collecting ducts to be very porous so that you reabsorb most of the water.발음듣기
대기중
With those hormones all confused and out of commission you just start peeing out all kinds of water, which also means you're getting dehydrated, which means you're officially on a one way trip to hangover city so now you know why that happens.발음듣기
대기중
Now at this point the urine leaves both kidneys and flows down to the urinary bladder by tubes called ureters.발음듣기
대기중
Once in the bladder the urine just sits around waiting for us to decide when it's time to find a bathroom and when that time comes the little sphincter muscle relaxes and releases the urine from the bladder into a tube called the urethra which empties out wherever you point it.발음듣기
대기중
So that's how your excretory system works and that's basically how it works for most mammals.발음듣기
대기중
For instance, kangaroo rats, which are tiny and adorable and live in the desert, have the most concentrated urine of any animal anywhere because it can't spare the water.발음듣기
대기중
So it has a very very long loop of Henle that reabsorbs most of the water from the filtrate.발음듣기
대기중
On the other end of the spectrum we have the beavers who have very short loops of Henle because they're like, water re-absorption, schmotter reabsmortion, do you see what I do all day?발음듣기
대기중
칸아카데미 더보기더 보기
-
Jan van Eyck, Portrait of a Man in a Red Turb...
42문장 0%번역 좋아요0
번역하기 -
Robert Motherwell, Elegy to the Spanish Repub...
33문장 0%번역 좋아요0
번역하기 -
Mark Hopkins House Side Chair (Herter Brother...
59문장 0%번역 좋아요1
번역하기 -
Sarcophagus of the Spouses (Rome)
44문장 0%번역 좋아요0
번역하기
