Globalization I - The upside발음듣기
대기중
Globalization I - The upside
97문장
100% 한국어
번역 7명 참여
출처 : 칸아카데미
Globalization I - The upside
John: Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today is the penultimate episode of Crash Course. We're gonna talk about globalization.
This was gonna be the last episode, but I just can't quit you, world historians.
So, today we're gonna talk about globalization, and in doing so, we're gonna talk about why we study history at all.
Ooh, ooh, Mr. Green. Yes, me from the past.
We study history to get a good grade, to go to a good college, to get a good job.
So you can make more money than you would otherwise make and be a slightly larger cog among the 7 billion gears that turn the planet's economic engine, right?
And that's fine, but if that's why you really study history, then you need to understand all the ways that the T-shirt you're wearing is both the cause and result of your ambition.
This T-shirt contains the global economy; it's efficiency, it's massive surplus, it's hyper-connectedness, and it's unsustainability.
This T-shirt tells one story of globalization, so let's follow it.
(upbeat music with whistling) So, globalization is a cultural phenomenon; it's reflected in contemporary artwork and population migration and linguistic changes, but we're gonna focus, as we so often have during Crash Course, on trade.
So, the world today, as symbolized by our international felt melange, experiences wide-spread global economic interdependence.
Now of course, economic interdependence and the accompanying cultural borrowing are nothing new.
You'll remember that we found trade documents from the Indus Valley civilization all the way in Mesopotamia.
But, for a few reasons, the scale of this trade has increased dramatically.
1. Multinational corporations have global reach and increasing power.
2. Travel and shipping are cheap and safe.
It took about two months to cross the Atlantic in 1800, today it takes about 5 hours by plane, and less than a week by ship.
3. Governments have decreased tariffs and regulations on international trade, leading to what is sometimes called euphemistically, "free trade", to which, I say, if this trade is so free, how come BBC America is in the premium tier of my cable package?
To understand the role the governments play in international trade, let's look again at this T-shirt.
This T-shirt, like most T-shirt made in the world, contains 100% American cotton, and that's not because the U.S. makes the best cotton or the most efficient cotton, it's because the U.S. government subsidizes cotton production.
And that's what makes this cotton cheaper than cotton of similar quality from Brazil or India.
But, in the last 30 years, the U.S.'s share of cotton exports has gone down, as Brazil, India, and Africa's cotton exports go up.
And that trend will likely continue as the U.S. moves away from it's expensive cotton subsidies.
In fact, these days, it's already possible to find T-shirts with Brazilian, Indian, or Ugandan cotton, or a mixture of cottons from all around the world.
But because the American government doesn't subsidize industry in the way it does agricultural production, the actual spinning and weaving of the cotton takes place in lower wage countries, Mexico, Guatemala, Vietnam, China, India, China, China, sometimes even China; and then the finished shirts, called blanks, are usually sent to Europe or the United States for screen printing and then sold.
You would think the most expensive part of this process is the part where we ship this across the Pacific Ocean, turn it into this, and then ship it back across the Pacific Ocean. But, you'd be wrong.
Wholesale T-shirt blanks can cost as little as $3; the expense is in the printing, the retail side of things, and paying the designer at thought bubble, who was tasked with the difficult job of creating a Mongol, who is at once, cute and terrifying.
So, contemporary global trade is pretty anarchic and unregulated, at least by international institutions and national governments.
Much of this has to do with academic economists, mostly in the U.S.
And Europe, who have argued with great success that governmental regulation diminishes prosperity by limiting growth.
Now, some nations in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa, haven't been particularly keen to pursue free trade, but they've been bullied into it by larger economies with whom they desperately need to trade.
So, in the past 30 years, we've seen all these emerging markets lowering their tariffs, getting rid of regulation, and privatizing formerly state-run businesses.
And they often do that to appease the International Monetary Fund, which offers low-interest loans to developing world economies with the motto, "Many strings attached."
Now, whether these decreased regulations have been a net positive for these developing world economies is a subject of much debate, and we will wade into it, but not until next week.
First, we need to understand more about the nature of this trade.
So, you'll remember from the Industrial Revolution episode, that industrial western powers produced most of the manufactured goods, which were then sold in international markets, but you'll also remember that domestic consumption was extremely important;
I mean, almost all early Model T's were built by Americans, and bought by Americans.
But since the 1960s, and especially today, former non-industrialized parts of the world have been manufacturing consumer goods, for domestic markets, yes, but primarily for foreign ones.
This T-shirt made in China and the Dominican Republic, before being imported to Mexico, and then to the United States, is a primary example of what I'm talking about, but so is the computer that you're watching me on.
Your computer was probably manufactured in China, but with parts from all over the world, especially Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea.
And this international manufacturing is always finding like, new markets, too, like Brazil, for instance, has a huge technology sector; they make iPads there, actually.
Sorry, I'm trying to play Angry Birds.
But, what all these countries have in common, is that while there is a domestic market for things like iPads and T-shirts, the foreign markets are much, much bigger.
So, it's time for the open letter?
(instrumental harp) An open letter to Cookie Monster.
Oh, it's a cookie dough flavored Balance bar.
For people who love cookies, and pretending to be healthy.
Dear Cookie Monster, here's the thing, man. You don't have a stomach.
That's why when you put a cookie in your mouth it crumbles up and then just falls out of your mouth.
But here's what fascinates me, Cookie Monster, I believe you when you say you love cookies.
It doesn't matter that you can't actually eat cookies, because where you would have a stomach, you instead have someone's arm.
And that, Cookie Monster, is what makes you a beautiful symbol for contemporary consumption.
You just keep eating, even though you can't eat.
Cookie Monster, you are there best and the worst of us.
Best wishes, John Green. So, although die-hard Marxists might still resist us, by 2012 it's become pretty obvious that global capitalism has been good for a lot of people.
It's certainly increased world-wide economic output, and while American auto workers may suffer job loss, moving manufacturing jobs from high wage to lower wage countries allows a greater number of people to live better than they did when the first and second world's monopolized manufacturing.
And while I don't want to conflate correlation and causation, some 600 million people have emerged from poverty in the last 30 years, at least according to the world bank's definition of poverty, which is living on less than $1.25 a day.
Americans can argue about whether absurdly inexpensive clothes, shoes, and televisions are worth the domestic economic and social dislocation, but for the Vietnamese worker stitching a pair of sneakers, that job represents an opportunity for a longer, healthier and more secure life than she would have had if those shoes were made in the USA.
But, before we jump on the celebratory globalization bandwagon, let's acknowledge that this brave new world has some side effects.
For instance, it maybe hasn't been so good for families, it definitely has not been good for the environment, and also there's a chance that globalization will spark like the end of the human species.
But, we're gonna talk about all that next week, for today, let's bring on the bandwagon and ride straight for the thought bubble.
So, these days, people move more than they ever have.
21% of people living in Canada were born somewhere else, as was an astonishing 69% of Kuwait's current population.
Migration has become easier because, 1. Air travel is pretty cheap, especially if you only take a few plane trips in your life, and 2. It's relatively easy and inexpensive to stay in touch with relatives living far away, thanks to Skype, mobile phones, and inexpensive calling cards.
Also, 3. Even with increased industrialization in the developing world, economic opportunities are often much better in wealthy countries.
Remittances, money sent home by people working abroad, are now a huge driver of economic growth in the developing world.
Like in Tajikistan, for instance, remittances are 35% of the country's total gross domestic product.
With all these people moving around the world, it's not surprising that globalization also means cultural blending.
When people move, they don't just give up their literary, culinary, artistic and musical traditions.
Globalized culture is a bit of a paradox, though, because some people see culture today as increasingly Americanized, right?
Like, "Friends" is currently broadcast in over 100 countries.
You can find Diet Coke for sale deep in the jungles of Madagascar.
The NBA is huge in China.
There are fewer languages spoken today, and probably less cultural diversity.
But on the other hand, an individual's access to diverse cultural experience has never been greater.
Bollywood movies, Swedish hip-hop, Brazilian soap operas, highlights from Congolese football matches, these are all available to us.
Culinary cultural fusion is all the rage.
More novels are translated from languages than ever before, although few are actually read.
And in the surest sign of cultural globalization, football, the world's game, has finally reached America, where broadcasts of the the greatest collective enterprise humanity has ever known, Liverpool Football Club, got record ratings in 2012.
Thanks, though bubble. Hey, one last request.
Could you put me in a Liverpool jersey? On the pitch at Anfield, raising the Premier League Trophy, with Steven Gerrard hugging me?
YES! Just like that! Oh, thought bubble, I love you so much!
Okay, so this all brings us to how globalization has changed us and whether it's for the better.
Assuming you make the minimum wage here in the United States, this T-shirt, purchased at your friendly neighborhood etailer, dftba.com, will cost you about 3 hours worth of work, and yes, that does include shipping.
By the time it arrives at your door, the cotton within that T-shirt will have traveled by truck, train, ship, possibly even airplane, if you opt for priority shipping, and it will probably have traveled further than Magellan did during his famous circumnavigation of the globe.
You get all that for 3 hours of work, by contrast, a far less comfortable garment several hundred years ago would have cost you 10 times as much work.
But these improvements have been accompanied by change so radical that we struggle to contextualize it.
Like, the human population of our planet over time looks like this.
Dang! Like in 1800, there were a billion human beings on this planet, and that was more than had ever been seen before, and we lived within twice as long on average as humans did just 2 centuries ago, largely due to improved health care for women and childbirth and their infants, but also thanks to antibiotics, and the second agricultural revolution that began in the 1950s, the so-called Green Revolution, that saw increased use of chemical fertilizers lead to dramatically higher crop yields.
Of course, these gains haven't been evenly distributed around the world, but chances are, if you're watching this, you A) Survived childbirth, and B) Feel reasonably confident that your children will as well.
That's a new feeling for humans, and as a parent, I can assure you, it's a miracle, and one to be celebrated.
We study history so that we can understand these changes, and so that we can remember both what we've gained and lost in getting to where we are.
Next week, our last week, we'll look at the many facets of globalization that aren't causes for celebration.
But for today, let's just pause to consider how we got from here to here.
How the relentless and unquenchable ambition of humans led to a world where the entire contents of the Library of Alexandria would fit on my iPhone, along with recordings of everything Mozart ever composed.
In such a world, it's easy to feel that we are big and powerful, maybe even invincible; it's easy to feel that, and also dangerous.
번역
0%
John: Hi, I'm John Green, this is Crash Course World History, and today is the penultimate episode of Crash Course. We're gonna talk about globalization.발음듣기
대기중
So, today we're gonna talk about globalization, and in doing so, we're gonna talk about why we study history at all.발음듣기
대기중
So you can make more money than you would otherwise make and be a slightly larger cog among the 7 billion gears that turn the planet's economic engine, right?발음듣기
대기중
And that's fine, but if that's why you really study history, then you need to understand all the ways that the T-shirt you're wearing is both the cause and result of your ambition.발음듣기
대기중
This T-shirt contains the global economy; it's efficiency, it's massive surplus, it's hyper-connectedness, and it's unsustainability.발음듣기
대기중
(upbeat music with whistling) So, globalization is a cultural phenomenon; it's reflected in contemporary artwork and population migration and linguistic changes, but we're gonna focus, as we so often have during Crash Course, on trade.발음듣기
대기중
So, the world today, as symbolized by our international felt melange, experiences wide-spread global economic interdependence.발음듣기
대기중
Now of course, economic interdependence and the accompanying cultural borrowing are nothing new.발음듣기
대기중
You'll remember that we found trade documents from the Indus Valley civilization all the way in Mesopotamia.발음듣기
대기중
It took about two months to cross the Atlantic in 1800, today it takes about 5 hours by plane, and less than a week by ship.발음듣기
대기중
3. Governments have decreased tariffs and regulations on international trade, leading to what is sometimes called euphemistically, "free trade", to which, I say, if this trade is so free, how come BBC America is in the premium tier of my cable package?발음듣기
대기중
To understand the role the governments play in international trade, let's look again at this T-shirt.발음듣기
대기중
This T-shirt, like most T-shirt made in the world, contains 100% American cotton, and that's not because the U.S. makes the best cotton or the most efficient cotton, it's because the U.S. government subsidizes cotton production.발음듣기
대기중
And that's what makes this cotton cheaper than cotton of similar quality from Brazil or India.발음듣기
대기중
But, in the last 30 years, the U.S.'s share of cotton exports has gone down, as Brazil, India, and Africa's cotton exports go up.발음듣기
대기중
And that trend will likely continue as the U.S. moves away from it's expensive cotton subsidies.발음듣기
대기중
In fact, these days, it's already possible to find T-shirts with Brazilian, Indian, or Ugandan cotton, or a mixture of cottons from all around the world.발음듣기
대기중
But because the American government doesn't subsidize industry in the way it does agricultural production, the actual spinning and weaving of the cotton takes place in lower wage countries, Mexico, Guatemala, Vietnam, China, India, China, China, sometimes even China; and then the finished shirts, called blanks, are usually sent to Europe or the United States for screen printing and then sold.발음듣기
대기중
You would think the most expensive part of this process is the part where we ship this across the Pacific Ocean, turn it into this, and then ship it back across the Pacific Ocean. But, you'd be wrong.발음듣기
대기중
Wholesale T-shirt blanks can cost as little as $3; the expense is in the printing, the retail side of things, and paying the designer at thought bubble, who was tasked with the difficult job of creating a Mongol, who is at once, cute and terrifying.발음듣기
대기중
So, contemporary global trade is pretty anarchic and unregulated, at least by international institutions and national governments.발음듣기
대기중
And Europe, who have argued with great success that governmental regulation diminishes prosperity by limiting growth.발음듣기
대기중
Now, some nations in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa, haven't been particularly keen to pursue free trade, but they've been bullied into it by larger economies with whom they desperately need to trade.발음듣기
대기중
So, in the past 30 years, we've seen all these emerging markets lowering their tariffs, getting rid of regulation, and privatizing formerly state-run businesses.발음듣기
대기중
And they often do that to appease the International Monetary Fund, which offers low-interest loans to developing world economies with the motto, "Many strings attached."발음듣기
대기중
Now, whether these decreased regulations have been a net positive for these developing world economies is a subject of much debate, and we will wade into it, but not until next week.발음듣기
대기중
So, you'll remember from the Industrial Revolution episode, that industrial western powers produced most of the manufactured goods, which were then sold in international markets, but you'll also remember that domestic consumption was extremely important;발음듣기
대기중
But since the 1960s, and especially today, former non-industrialized parts of the world have been manufacturing consumer goods, for domestic markets, yes, but primarily for foreign ones.발음듣기
대기중
This T-shirt made in China and the Dominican Republic, before being imported to Mexico, and then to the United States, is a primary example of what I'm talking about, but so is the computer that you're watching me on.발음듣기
대기중
Your computer was probably manufactured in China, but with parts from all over the world, especially Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea.발음듣기
대기중
And this international manufacturing is always finding like, new markets, too, like Brazil, for instance, has a huge technology sector; they make iPads there, actually.발음듣기
대기중
But, what all these countries have in common, is that while there is a domestic market for things like iPads and T-shirts, the foreign markets are much, much bigger.발음듣기
대기중
That's why when you put a cookie in your mouth it crumbles up and then just falls out of your mouth.발음듣기
대기중
It doesn't matter that you can't actually eat cookies, because where you would have a stomach, you instead have someone's arm.발음듣기
대기중
And that, Cookie Monster, is what makes you a beautiful symbol for contemporary consumption.발음듣기
대기중
Best wishes, John Green. So, although die-hard Marxists might still resist us, by 2012 it's become pretty obvious that global capitalism has been good for a lot of people.발음듣기
대기중
It's certainly increased world-wide economic output, and while American auto workers may suffer job loss, moving manufacturing jobs from high wage to lower wage countries allows a greater number of people to live better than they did when the first and second world's monopolized manufacturing.발음듣기
대기중
And while I don't want to conflate correlation and causation, some 600 million people have emerged from poverty in the last 30 years, at least according to the world bank's definition of poverty, which is living on less than $1.25 a day.발음듣기
대기중
Americans can argue about whether absurdly inexpensive clothes, shoes, and televisions are worth the domestic economic and social dislocation, but for the Vietnamese worker stitching a pair of sneakers, that job represents an opportunity for a longer, healthier and more secure life than she would have had if those shoes were made in the USA.발음듣기
대기중
But, before we jump on the celebratory globalization bandwagon, let's acknowledge that this brave new world has some side effects.발음듣기
대기중
For instance, it maybe hasn't been so good for families, it definitely has not been good for the environment, and also there's a chance that globalization will spark like the end of the human species.발음듣기
대기중
But, we're gonna talk about all that next week, for today, let's bring on the bandwagon and ride straight for the thought bubble.발음듣기
대기중
21% of people living in Canada were born somewhere else, as was an astonishing 69% of Kuwait's current population.발음듣기
대기중
Migration has become easier because, 1. Air travel is pretty cheap, especially if you only take a few plane trips in your life, and 2. It's relatively easy and inexpensive to stay in touch with relatives living far away, thanks to Skype, mobile phones, and inexpensive calling cards.발음듣기
대기중
Also, 3. Even with increased industrialization in the developing world, economic opportunities are often much better in wealthy countries.발음듣기
대기중
Remittances, money sent home by people working abroad, are now a huge driver of economic growth in the developing world.발음듣기
대기중
Like in Tajikistan, for instance, remittances are 35% of the country's total gross domestic product.발음듣기
대기중
With all these people moving around the world, it's not surprising that globalization also means cultural blending.발음듣기
대기중
When people move, they don't just give up their literary, culinary, artistic and musical traditions.발음듣기
대기중
Globalized culture is a bit of a paradox, though, because some people see culture today as increasingly Americanized, right?발음듣기
대기중
But on the other hand, an individual's access to diverse cultural experience has never been greater.발음듣기
대기중
Bollywood movies, Swedish hip-hop, Brazilian soap operas, highlights from Congolese football matches, these are all available to us.발음듣기
대기중
And in the surest sign of cultural globalization, football, the world's game, has finally reached America, where broadcasts of the the greatest collective enterprise humanity has ever known, Liverpool Football Club, got record ratings in 2012.발음듣기
대기중
Could you put me in a Liverpool jersey? On the pitch at Anfield, raising the Premier League Trophy, with Steven Gerrard hugging me?발음듣기
대기중
Okay, so this all brings us to how globalization has changed us and whether it's for the better.발음듣기
대기중
Assuming you make the minimum wage here in the United States, this T-shirt, purchased at your friendly neighborhood etailer, dftba.com, will cost you about 3 hours worth of work, and yes, that does include shipping.발음듣기
대기중
By the time it arrives at your door, the cotton within that T-shirt will have traveled by truck, train, ship, possibly even airplane, if you opt for priority shipping, and it will probably have traveled further than Magellan did during his famous circumnavigation of the globe.발음듣기
대기중
You get all that for 3 hours of work, by contrast, a far less comfortable garment several hundred years ago would have cost you 10 times as much work.발음듣기
대기중
But these improvements have been accompanied by change so radical that we struggle to contextualize it.발음듣기
대기중
Dang! Like in 1800, there were a billion human beings on this planet, and that was more than had ever been seen before, and we lived within twice as long on average as humans did just 2 centuries ago, largely due to improved health care for women and childbirth and their infants, but also thanks to antibiotics, and the second agricultural revolution that began in the 1950s, the so-called Green Revolution, that saw increased use of chemical fertilizers lead to dramatically higher crop yields.발음듣기
대기중
Of course, these gains haven't been evenly distributed around the world, but chances are, if you're watching this, you A) Survived childbirth, and B) Feel reasonably confident that your children will as well.발음듣기
대기중
That's a new feeling for humans, and as a parent, I can assure you, it's a miracle, and one to be celebrated.발음듣기
대기중
We study history so that we can understand these changes, and so that we can remember both what we've gained and lost in getting to where we are.발음듣기
대기중
Next week, our last week, we'll look at the many facets of globalization that aren't causes for celebration.발음듣기
대기중
How the relentless and unquenchable ambition of humans led to a world where the entire contents of the Library of Alexandria would fit on my iPhone, along with recordings of everything Mozart ever composed.발음듣기
대기중
칸아카데미 더보기더 보기
-
Old & Odd: Archaea, Bacteria & Protists
101문장 100%번역 좋아요2
번역하기 -
Gros, Napoleon Bonaparte Visiting the Plague-...
29문장 100%번역 좋아요1
번역하기 -
86문장 100%번역 좋아요0
번역하기 -
47문장 100%번역 좋아요1
번역하기
