Globalization II - good or bad?발음듣기
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Globalization II - good or bad?
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출처 : 칸아카데미
Globalization II - good or bad?
John: Hi, I'm John Green, and this is the final episode of Crash Course World History, not because we've reached the end of history, but because we've reached the particular middle where I happen to be living.
Today, we'll be considering whether globalization is a good thing, and along the way, we'll try to do somethng that you may not be used to doing in history classes, imagining the future.
Mr. Green, Mr. Green! In the future, I'm gonna get to second base with Molly Brown.
No you won't, me from the past.
But the fact when asked to imagine the future, you imagine your future says a lot about the contemporary world.
And, listen, me from the past, while there's no questions that your solipsistic individualism is bad both for you and for our species, the broader implications of individualism in general are a lot more complex.
(lively music) Man, I'm gonna miss you, intro.
Last week, tada! We discussed how global economic interdependence has led on average to longer, healthier, more prosperous lives for humans, not to mention an astonishing change in the overall human population.
In the west, globalization has also led to the rise of a service economy.
In the US and Europe, most people now work, not in agriculture or manufacturing, but in some kind of service sector.
Healthcare, retail, education, entertainment, information technology, internet videos about world history, etc.
That switch has really changed our psychology, especially the psychology of upper classes living in the industrialized world.
I mean, to quote Frederick Jamison, we are so far removed from the realities of production and work that we inhabit a dreamworld of artificial stimuli and televised experience. Think of it this way.
If you had to kill a chicken every time you visited KFC, you would probably eat fewer chickens.
Another change of psychology, many historians of the now note that globalization has also led to a celebration of individualism, particularly in the wake of the failures of the Marxist, collectivist utopias.
The generation that lived through the Depression and World War II saw large-scale collectivist responses to both those crises, and they were responses that limited freedom, like the military draft, for instance, which limited your freedom, you know, not to be a soldier, or the collectivization of health insurance, seen in most of the post-war west, which limited your freedom to go bankrupt from health care costs, or also government programs like social security, which limit your freedom not to pay for old people's retirement.
Since the 1960s, the ascendant idea of personal freedom minimally limited by government intervention has become very powerful.
Even the Catholic Church was part of this new search for individual freedom, as the second Vatican council relaxed church rules in ways that weakened central authority, made concessions to individual styles of worship, even said that people of different religions could go to heaven.
What good is heaven if it's gonna be full of Protestants?
It's just gonna be like Minnesota.
So here in the last episode of Crash Course World History, in the last 30 seconds, I've offended 5/6th of the world's population in the form of non-Catholics and all Republicans, and probably some political moderates who are confused about what Obama's health care law will and will not do.
Ugh. Stan, maybe I should just make this episode just an extended rant, where I reveal all of my political biases, and also my personal biases.
Look, you're never gonna meet a historian who doesn't have biases.
But good historians try to acknowledge their biases, and I am biased toward Canada and its awesome health care system.
I can't lie, I'm very jealous of you guys.
Perhaps the greatest effective victory of individualism was on sex and the family.
We haven't talked much about sex because my brother's teaching biology, which is basically just sex, but sex is pretty important historically, because it's how we keep happening.
But, in the 20th century, greater variety and availability of contraception made it possible for people to experiment with multiple sexual partners and help to uncouple sex from childbearing, which was awesome, but individualism also had a destabilizing effect on families.
As the great Leo Tolstoy put it, all happy families are alike, but each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.
But when you're individual fulfillment trumps all, you needn't live amid your uniquely unhappy family. You can just leave.
So divorce rates had skyrocketed in the past few decades, and not just in the US.
By the turn of the 21st century, divorce rates in China reached nearly 25% with 70% of those divorces initiated by women.
Technology has also driven families apart as parents and children spend increasing time alone in front of their individual screens, sharing fewer experiences.
That's individualism too, but not of a kind that we usually celebrate.
Probably the biggest consequence of globalization and the ensuing rise in human population has been humanity's effect on the environment.
While populations have increased, partly thanks to better yields from existing farmland, much more land has also been brought under cultivation in the past half century.
Often, this meant cutting down trees and valuable rain forests.
The best known example of this is what's going on in the Amazon, but it happens worldwide.
And we're losing land not just for food, but also to grow the global economy.
(harp music) An open letter to flowers, but first let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's fake flowers.
Thank you, Stan. One for behind each ear.
Dear flowers, you capture the best and the worst of the globalized economy.
You're so pretty, even the fake ones are pretty, but the real ones are constantly dying.
They've got to be harvested and shipped and cut very efficiently, and it's a global phenomenon.
There are flowers in my corner market from Africa.
These are from China, but because they are plastic, they could just be shipped in a shipping container.
More people can afford to apologize by giving their romantic partners professionally-cut and arranged roses than in any time in human history, but in that, we have lost something, which is that the whole idea of flowers is that you had to go out into the field and cut them and arrange them yourself to apologize.
It's not supposed to be, "I'm sorry, "I forgot your birthday.
Here's $8 worth of work "that was done in Kenya."
It's supposed to be, "I'm sorry I forgot your birthday, "so I went into the fracking forest, "and got you some fracking flowers!" Anyway, flowers, best wishes.
Aww! You guys got me flowers for my last episode of World History.
Okay. Let's go to the thought bubble.
As worldwide production and consumption increases, we use more resources, especially water and fossil fuels.
Globalization has made the average human richer and rich people tend to use more of everything, but especially energy.
This has already resulted in climate change, which will likely accelerate.
The global economy isn't a zero-sum game, like I don't need to become more poor in order for someone else to become more rich, but growth, at least so far, has been dependent upon unsustainable use of the planet's resources.
The planet can't sustain 7 billion automobiles, for instance, or 7 billion frequent flyers, although most of us who can afford to drive or fly feel entitled to do so.
You'll remember that when we talked about the Industrial Revolution, we discussed the virtuous cycle of more efficiency, making things cheaper, which in turn made them easier to buy, which increased demand, which increased efficiency.
But, from the perspective of the planet, each turn in that cycle takes something.
More land under cultivation, more carbon emissions, more resource extraction.
That can't go on forever, but worryingly, our current models of economic growth don't allow for any other way. Thanks, thought bubble.
And then there is our astonishingly robust health.
Although much of the world has been ravaged by HIV/AIDS for the past 3 decades, there's been a relative lack of global pandemics since the 1918 flu, and that's particularly surprising, given increased population density and more travel between population centers.
China has seen 150 million people leave the countryside for cities in the last 20 years.
This was Shanghai in 1990, and this is Shanghai in 2010.
The population of Lagos was 41,000 in 1900. Today, it's almost 8 million.
Of course, people have been moving from country to city for a long time.
Remember Gilgamesh? But the pace of that change has dramatically accelerated.
Similarly, there's nothing new about international trade, but its pace has also increased dramatically.
In 1960, trade accounted for 24% of the world's GDP.
Today, it's more than doubled that.
Almost no human being alive today lives with stuff only manufactured in their home country, but a thousand years ago, only the richest of the rich could benefit from the Silk Road.
Still, trade isn't new, and while it's tempting to say that the types of goods being traded, pharmaceuticals, computers, software, financial services, represent something wholly new.
You could just as easily see this as part of the evolution of trade itself.
At some point, silk was seen as a new trade good.
As tastes change and consumers become more affluent, the things they want to buy change.
So is anything really different, or is it all just accelerated?
Well, some historians argue that an economically interdependent world is much less likely to go to war.
That maybe true, but increasing global, cultural, and economic integration hasn't led to an end to violence.
I mean, we've seen large-scale ethnic and nationalistic violence from Rwanda to the former Yugoslavia to the Democratic Republic of Congo, to Afghanistan.
Globilization has not rid the world of violence.
But there is an ideological shift in the age of globalization that does seem pretty new, and that's the turn to democracy.
Now, this isn't the limited democracy of the ancient Greeks or the quirky republican system originally developed in the US.
There are almost as many kinds of democracies as there are nations experiencing democracy.
The fact is, however, that democracy and political freedom, especially the freedom to participate in and influence the government have been on the rise all over the world since the 1980s, and especially since 1990.
For instance, if you looked at the governments of most Latin American countries during most of the 20th centuries, you would usually find them ruled by military strongmen.
Now, with a couple of exceptions, Fidel, Hugo.
Stan, are they behind me right now because if they're behind me, I am in favor of collectivizing oil revenue and distributing it to the poor.
If they're not behind me, that's a terrible idea.
Right, but anyway, democracy is now flourishing in most of Latin America.
Probably the most famous democratic success story is South Africa, which jettisoned decades of apartheid in the 1990s and elected former dissident Nelson Mandela as its first black president in 1994.
It also adopted one of the most progressive constitutions in the world, but it's worth remembering that democracy and economic success don't always go hand in hand as much as some Americans wish they would.
Many new African democracies continue to struggle.
The same is true in some Latin American countries.
China has shown that you don't need democracy in order to experience economic growth.
For a few countries, especially Brazil and India, the combination of democracy and economic liberalism has unleashed impressive growth that has lifted millions out of poverty.
So can we say that it's good then?
Can we celebrate globalization in spite of its destabilizing effects on families and the environment?
Well, here's where we have to imagine the future.
Because if some superbug shows up tommorrow and it travels through all these global trade routes and kills every living human, then globalization will have been very bad for human history, specifically by ending it.
If climate change continues to accelerate and displaces billions of people and causes widespread famines and flooding, then we will remember this period of human history as short-sighted, self-indulgent, and tremendously destructive.
On the other hand, if we discover an asteroid hurdling toward Earth and mobilize global industry and technology in such a way that we lose Bruce Willis but save the world, then globilization will be celebrated for millennia.
I mean, assuming we have millennia and can convince Bruce Willis to go.
In short, to understand the present, we have to imagine the future. That's the thing about history.
It depends on where you're standing.
From where I'm standing, globalization has been a net positive, but then again, it's been a pretty good run for heterosexual males of European descent.
Critics of globalization point out that billions haven't benefited much, if at all, from all this economic prosperity, and that the polarization of wealth is growing, both within and across nations.
Those criticisms are valid, and they are troubling, but they aren't new.
Disparities between those who have more and those who have less have existed pretty much from the moment agriculture enabled us to accumulate a surplus.
And sometimes, this inequality has been a big concern, as it was with Jesus and with Mohammed.
At other times, not so much.
Inequalities are as old as human history, and almost as old as the debate about them.
One thing that is new, however, is our ability to learn about them, to discuss them, and hopefully to find solutions for them together as a global community that is better integrated and more connected than it has ever been before.
Because here's the other thing about history. You are making it.
That old idea that history is the deeds of great men, that was wrong.
Celebrated individuals do shape history, but so do the rest of us, and while it's true that many historical forces, malaria, meteors from space, aren't human, it's also true that every human is a historical force.
You are changing the world every day, and it is our hope that by looking at the history that was made before us, we can see our own crucial decisions in a broader context.
I believe that context can help us make better choices, and better changes. Thanks for watching.
번역
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John: Hi, I'm John Green, and this is the final episode of Crash Course World History, not because we've reached the end of history, but because we've reached the particular middle where I happen to be living.발음듣기
대기중
Today, we'll be considering whether globalization is a good thing, and along the way, we'll try to do somethng that you may not be used to doing in history classes, imagining the future.발음듣기
대기중
But the fact when asked to imagine the future, you imagine your future says a lot about the contemporary world.발음듣기
대기중
And, listen, me from the past, while there's no questions that your solipsistic individualism is bad both for you and for our species, the broader implications of individualism in general are a lot more complex.발음듣기
대기중
Last week, tada! We discussed how global economic interdependence has led on average to longer, healthier, more prosperous lives for humans, not to mention an astonishing change in the overall human population.발음듣기
대기중
In the US and Europe, most people now work, not in agriculture or manufacturing, but in some kind of service sector.발음듣기
대기중
Healthcare, retail, education, entertainment, information technology, internet videos about world history, etc.발음듣기
대기중
That switch has really changed our psychology, especially the psychology of upper classes living in the industrialized world.발음듣기
대기중
I mean, to quote Frederick Jamison, we are so far removed from the realities of production and work that we inhabit a dreamworld of artificial stimuli and televised experience. Think of it this way.발음듣기
대기중
If you had to kill a chicken every time you visited KFC, you would probably eat fewer chickens.발음듣기
대기중
Another change of psychology, many historians of the now note that globalization has also led to a celebration of individualism, particularly in the wake of the failures of the Marxist, collectivist utopias.발음듣기
대기중
The generation that lived through the Depression and World War II saw large-scale collectivist responses to both those crises, and they were responses that limited freedom, like the military draft, for instance, which limited your freedom, you know, not to be a soldier, or the collectivization of health insurance, seen in most of the post-war west, which limited your freedom to go bankrupt from health care costs, or also government programs like social security, which limit your freedom not to pay for old people's retirement.발음듣기
대기중
Since the 1960s, the ascendant idea of personal freedom minimally limited by government intervention has become very powerful.발음듣기
대기중
Even the Catholic Church was part of this new search for individual freedom, as the second Vatican council relaxed church rules in ways that weakened central authority, made concessions to individual styles of worship, even said that people of different religions could go to heaven.발음듣기
대기중
So here in the last episode of Crash Course World History, in the last 30 seconds, I've offended 5/6th of the world's population in the form of non-Catholics and all Republicans, and probably some political moderates who are confused about what Obama's health care law will and will not do.발음듣기
대기중
Ugh. Stan, maybe I should just make this episode just an extended rant, where I reveal all of my political biases, and also my personal biases.발음듣기
대기중
But good historians try to acknowledge their biases, and I am biased toward Canada and its awesome health care system.발음듣기
대기중
We haven't talked much about sex because my brother's teaching biology, which is basically just sex, but sex is pretty important historically, because it's how we keep happening.발음듣기
대기중
But, in the 20th century, greater variety and availability of contraception made it possible for people to experiment with multiple sexual partners and help to uncouple sex from childbearing, which was awesome, but individualism also had a destabilizing effect on families.발음듣기
대기중
As the great Leo Tolstoy put it, all happy families are alike, but each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.발음듣기
대기중
But when you're individual fulfillment trumps all, you needn't live amid your uniquely unhappy family. You can just leave.발음듣기
대기중
By the turn of the 21st century, divorce rates in China reached nearly 25% with 70% of those divorces initiated by women.발음듣기
대기중
Technology has also driven families apart as parents and children spend increasing time alone in front of their individual screens, sharing fewer experiences.발음듣기
대기중
Probably the biggest consequence of globalization and the ensuing rise in human population has been humanity's effect on the environment.발음듣기
대기중
While populations have increased, partly thanks to better yields from existing farmland, much more land has also been brought under cultivation in the past half century.발음듣기
대기중
(harp music) An open letter to flowers, but first let's see what's in the secret compartment today. Oh, it's fake flowers.발음듣기
대기중
They've got to be harvested and shipped and cut very efficiently, and it's a global phenomenon.발음듣기
대기중
These are from China, but because they are plastic, they could just be shipped in a shipping container.발음듣기
대기중
More people can afford to apologize by giving their romantic partners professionally-cut and arranged roses than in any time in human history, but in that, we have lost something, which is that the whole idea of flowers is that you had to go out into the field and cut them and arrange them yourself to apologize.발음듣기
대기중
It's supposed to be, "I'm sorry I forgot your birthday, "so I went into the fracking forest, "and got you some fracking flowers!" Anyway, flowers, best wishes.발음듣기
대기중
As worldwide production and consumption increases, we use more resources, especially water and fossil fuels.발음듣기
대기중
Globalization has made the average human richer and rich people tend to use more of everything, but especially energy.발음듣기
대기중
The global economy isn't a zero-sum game, like I don't need to become more poor in order for someone else to become more rich, but growth, at least so far, has been dependent upon unsustainable use of the planet's resources.발음듣기
대기중
The planet can't sustain 7 billion automobiles, for instance, or 7 billion frequent flyers, although most of us who can afford to drive or fly feel entitled to do so.발음듣기
대기중
You'll remember that when we talked about the Industrial Revolution, we discussed the virtuous cycle of more efficiency, making things cheaper, which in turn made them easier to buy, which increased demand, which increased efficiency.발음듣기
대기중
That can't go on forever, but worryingly, our current models of economic growth don't allow for any other way. Thanks, thought bubble.발음듣기
대기중
Although much of the world has been ravaged by HIV/AIDS for the past 3 decades, there's been a relative lack of global pandemics since the 1918 flu, and that's particularly surprising, given increased population density and more travel between population centers.발음듣기
대기중
Similarly, there's nothing new about international trade, but its pace has also increased dramatically.발음듣기
대기중
Almost no human being alive today lives with stuff only manufactured in their home country, but a thousand years ago, only the richest of the rich could benefit from the Silk Road.발음듣기
대기중
Still, trade isn't new, and while it's tempting to say that the types of goods being traded, pharmaceuticals, computers, software, financial services, represent something wholly new.발음듣기
대기중
Well, some historians argue that an economically interdependent world is much less likely to go to war.발음듣기
대기중
That maybe true, but increasing global, cultural, and economic integration hasn't led to an end to violence.발음듣기
대기중
I mean, we've seen large-scale ethnic and nationalistic violence from Rwanda to the former Yugoslavia to the Democratic Republic of Congo, to Afghanistan.발음듣기
대기중
But there is an ideological shift in the age of globalization that does seem pretty new, and that's the turn to democracy.발음듣기
대기중
Now, this isn't the limited democracy of the ancient Greeks or the quirky republican system originally developed in the US.발음듣기
대기중
The fact is, however, that democracy and political freedom, especially the freedom to participate in and influence the government have been on the rise all over the world since the 1980s, and especially since 1990.발음듣기
대기중
For instance, if you looked at the governments of most Latin American countries during most of the 20th centuries, you would usually find them ruled by military strongmen.발음듣기
대기중
Stan, are they behind me right now because if they're behind me, I am in favor of collectivizing oil revenue and distributing it to the poor.발음듣기
대기중
Probably the most famous democratic success story is South Africa, which jettisoned decades of apartheid in the 1990s and elected former dissident Nelson Mandela as its first black president in 1994.발음듣기
대기중
It also adopted one of the most progressive constitutions in the world, but it's worth remembering that democracy and economic success don't always go hand in hand as much as some Americans wish they would.발음듣기
대기중
For a few countries, especially Brazil and India, the combination of democracy and economic liberalism has unleashed impressive growth that has lifted millions out of poverty.발음듣기
대기중
Can we celebrate globalization in spite of its destabilizing effects on families and the environment?발음듣기
대기중
Because if some superbug shows up tommorrow and it travels through all these global trade routes and kills every living human, then globalization will have been very bad for human history, specifically by ending it.발음듣기
대기중
If climate change continues to accelerate and displaces billions of people and causes widespread famines and flooding, then we will remember this period of human history as short-sighted, self-indulgent, and tremendously destructive.발음듣기
대기중
On the other hand, if we discover an asteroid hurdling toward Earth and mobilize global industry and technology in such a way that we lose Bruce Willis but save the world, then globilization will be celebrated for millennia.발음듣기
대기중
In short, to understand the present, we have to imagine the future. That's the thing about history.발음듣기
대기중
From where I'm standing, globalization has been a net positive, but then again, it's been a pretty good run for heterosexual males of European descent.발음듣기
대기중
Critics of globalization point out that billions haven't benefited much, if at all, from all this economic prosperity, and that the polarization of wealth is growing, both within and across nations.발음듣기
대기중
Disparities between those who have more and those who have less have existed pretty much from the moment agriculture enabled us to accumulate a surplus.발음듣기
대기중
And sometimes, this inequality has been a big concern, as it was with Jesus and with Mohammed.발음듣기
대기중
One thing that is new, however, is our ability to learn about them, to discuss them, and hopefully to find solutions for them together as a global community that is better integrated and more connected than it has ever been before.발음듣기
대기중
Celebrated individuals do shape history, but so do the rest of us, and while it's true that many historical forces, malaria, meteors from space, aren't human, it's also true that every human is a historical force.발음듣기
대기중
You are changing the world every day, and it is our hope that by looking at the history that was made before us, we can see our own crucial decisions in a broader context.발음듣기
대기중
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