Ancient Egypt발음듣기
대기중
Ancient Egypt
112문장
0%
인도네시아어 번역 1명 참여
출처 : 칸아카데미
Ancient Egypt
John: Hi there, my name is John Green and this is Crash Course World History.
Today we're going to talk about Egypt. No, not that Egypt. Older.
Older. Older, west fictional. Yes, that one.
Ancient Egypt is probably the most influential with the River Valley Civilizations.
You may not recognize any Assyrian kings or Assyrian language but you probably do know King Tut and you may recognize that the Eye of Horus is right now staring at me and judging me.
I can feel your judgment. (lively music) When we think of ancient civilizations we think of Egypt.
There are a few reasons for this like the fact that the pyramids are the last man standing among these 7 ancient wonders of the world.
But more importantly, ancient Egyptian civilization lasted from 3,000 BCE to 332 BCE.
That's a period that historians call a long ass time.
And I will remind you it is not cursing (donkey sound) if I'm talking about donkeys.
There are many approaches to the study of history.
You can view history as a millennial-long conversation about philosophy or as clashes between great men or you can see history through the lens of traditionally neglected populations like women or indigenous peoples or slaves, and we're going to try to take many approaches to our study of history during Crash Course.
Mr. Green, Mr. Green, Mr. Green.
Which approach is right, I mean for the test? Oh me from the past.
Remember how you spent all of 3rd year French writing notes back and forth to that girl and she eventually agreed to go out with you and you did make it to second base but now you can hardly [unintelligble]?
Historical lenses are like that my friend.
With every choice something is gained and something is lost.
Right, so in discussing agriculture and early River Valley Civilization we've been approaching history through the lens of resource distribution and geography.
And just as the violent and capricious Tigris and Euphrates River shaped the world view of early Mesopotamians (faint bubble sound) then Nile shaped the world view of the Egyptians.
The Nile was regular, navigable and benign making for one of the safest and richest agricultural areas in the world.
Each summer the river flooded the fields at precisely the right time leaving behind nutrient-rich silt for planting season.
Planting was so easy that Egyptians just tossed seeds around the silty earth [cow mooing] and then let their cattle or pigs walk on it to press the seeds into the ground [exploding sound] and then boom, bran and figs and wheat and pomegranates and [melvins] and joy.
Unlike most River Valley Civilizations, Egyptian communities existed only along the Nile.
Which was navigable enough to get valuable resources downstream from timber to gold which the Egyptians considered the divine metal thereby introducing an idea that would eventually culminate in Mr. T.
The Nile was also easily tamed.
While other river valley civilizations needed complicated and labor intensive hydraulic engineering projects to irrigate crops, the Nile was so chilled that Egyptians could use a simple form of water management called "basin irrigation" in which farmers used flood waters to fill earth and basins and canals for irrigation.
In short, the awesomeness of the Nile meant Egyptians could create big food surpluses with relatively little work allowing time and energy for some pretty impressive projects.
Also the Nile may help explain Ancient Egypt's general optimism.
While ancient Sumerian religion for instance [gong sound] saw the afterlife of this gloomy dark place.
Egyptians were often buried with things that were useful and pleasurable to them in life because the afterlife was seen as a continuation of this life.
Which at least if you lived along the Nile wasn't half bad. Thanks thought bubble.
Now my dear pupils I shall terrorize you with the oppression of dates.
No, dates. Yes, thank you.
Historians have divided Egyptian history into 3 broad categories each with their own number dynasties but only hardcore Egyptologists know the dynasties and we're not trying to become hardcore Egyptologist.
The Old Kingdom lasted from 2649 to 2152.
The Middle Kingdom from 2040 to 1640 and the New Kingdom so called because it is only 3,000 years old lasted from 1550 to 1070 BCE.
In between you have a couple so called the intermediate periods.
Okay, Old Kingdom. This is really the glory age of Ancient Egypt.
When you got all the stuff that would later make Indiana Jones possible like the pyramids at Giza and the sun King Ra and the idea of divine kingship.
The king or pharaoh was either a god or very close to a god which seems like a good gig except that it meant he wasn't expected to act like a person.
He was expected to act like a god which in Ancient Egypt means acting like the Nile.
Calm, cool, benevolent. There's no fun in that.
Then of course there are the pyramids which aside from remaining impressive to behold represent a remarkable degree of political and social control over the population because it is not easy to convince people to devote their lives to building a sarcophagus for someone else.
The most famous pyramids were built between 2575 and 2465 BCE.
The one with the sphinx was built for Chephren.
The largest, The Great Pyramid was built for the pharaoh Khufu.
The pyramids were built partly by peasants who were required by Egyptian law to work for the government a certain number of months per year and partly by slaves.
This leads to an overwhelming question.
Why? Why in the sweet name of Ra would anyone ever build such a thing?
Well, let's start with Ra. Ra started out as a regional god reigning over Heliopolis but he eventually became really central to the entire pantheon of gods in Ancient Egypt.
He was the god of the sun but also the god of creation.
The thinking was that if humans did their jobs then the pantheon of gods would maintain cosmic order.
And since the pharaohs became gods upon their death it made sense to please them even unto pyramids.
Egyptian popular religion also embraced the belief in amulets, in magic, in divination and the belief that certain animals especially cats had divine power.
And yes, I did bring that up just I could wall cat.
Old Kingdom Egypt was also remarkably literate.
They had 2 forms of writing.
Hieroglyphics for sacred writing and the Demotic script for recording contracts and agreements and other boring stuff.
The last thing I want to say about Old Kingdom Egypt it was ridiculously rich.
But then around 2250 BCE there were a series a droughts and pharaohs started fighting over who should have power and we had an Intermediate Period.
(classical music) Which was followed by the middle earth. The middle kingdom.
That's a bummer Stan. I want it to be the middle earth.
How awesome would that be? It's like in the middle of Egyptian history they were hobbits.
The Middle Kingdom which apparently had no hobbits restored pharaonic rule in 2040BCE but with some distinct changes.
First the new rulers were outsiders from Nubia.
Second they fostered a new pantheon of gods the star of which was Amun which means "hidden."
Here's a little lesson from history.
Hidden gods tend to do well because they're omnipresent.
Amun eventually merged with Ra to form the god Amun-Ra who is like the best god ever and all the Middle Kingdom pharaohs made temples for him and devoted all of their surplus to his glory.
The Middle Kingdom also developed an interest in conquering specifically the new pharaoh's homeland of Nubia.
They developed a side interest in getting conquered specifically by the Semitic people from the Levant.
They were able to conquer much of Egypt using superior military technology like bronze weapons and compound bows and chariots of fire.
What? They're just regular chariots? Stan, why are you always killing my dreams?
One group, the Hyksos were able to conquer all of Egypt but rather than destroying Egyptian culture they just relaxed like the Nile and disimilated into the Egyptians and the Egyptians adopted their military technology and then the Egyptians destroys the Hyksos and expelled them from Egypt.
Then by 1550 BCE there was again an Egyptian pharaoh, Amosis.
Whose name only sounds like an STD.
Anyway, after all these conquering and being conquered Egypt eventually emerged from its geographically imposed isolationism and can we cue the New Kingdom graphic? There it is.
New Kingdom egypt continued this military expansion but it looked more like an empire particularly when they headed south and took over a land in an attempt to find gold and slaves.
Probably the most expansive of the New Kingdom pharaohs was Hatshepsut.
A woman who ruled Egypt for about 22 years and who expanded Egypt not through military might but through trade.
But most new kingdom pharaohs being dudes focused on military expansion which brought Egypt into conflicts with the Assyrians who you'll remember from last week and then the Persians and then Alexander the Great and finally, the Romans.
On the whole, Egypt you probably would have been better off enjoying its geographical isolation and not trying to conquer new territory but all of Egypt's friends had jumped off a bridge.
One last thing about the New Kingdom.
There was this crazy new kingdom pharaoh named Akhenaten who tried to invent a new god for Egypt, Aten Akhenaten was kind of the Kim Jong-il of Ancient Egypt.
Like he had this feared police force and this big cult of personality and also he was a nut job.
Anyway, after his death he was replaced by his wife and then a daughter and then a son, Tutankhaten who turned his back on the weird god Aten and changed his name to Tutankhamun.
And that is about all King Tut did before he died probably around the age of 17.
Honestly, the only reason King Tut is famous is that most pharaohs had their graves robbed by ancient people and King Tut had his grave robbed by 20th Century British people which brings us to the open letter.
(wheels rolling) An open letter to King Tut.
First we got to find out what Stan left for me in the secret compartment.
It's a pen. I don't ... (screaming) It's a shock pen.
Terrible, terrible gift for the secret compartment.
Dear King Tut, I know that as pharaoh's lives go, yours was pretty poor.
First, you had to marry your sister which hopefully you weren't that psyched about plus you had a cleft palate and probably scoliosis.
Plus you died before reaching adulthood but dude you have had the best afterlife ever.
Since your body was discovered in 1922 you've become probably the most famous ancient person.
There have been lots of books about you.
Scholars have devoted their lives to you.
Dude, we're so obsessed with you that we used this fancy new technology to scan your body and establish that you probably died of an infected broken leg and/or malaria.
Also you've inspired such seminal works of artists The Discovery Kid Series Tutenstein which my son forces me to watch.
Your relics have been to 6 continents.
It all works out in the end, man.
Well, I mean you're still dead so that kind of sucks.
Best wishes, John Green. King Tut leads us nicely to the really crucial thing about Egyptian culture.
Because King Tut lived right around the same time as the pyramids, right?
Wrong. Remember the pyramids were built around 2500 BCE during the Old Kingdom.
King Tut died in 1322 BCE 1,200 years later.
That's 5 and a half Americas but because Egypt was so similar for so long it all tends to blend together when we imagine it.
Ancient Egypt lasted a thousand years longer than Christianity has been around and 800 years longer than that other super long lived civilization China.
There was an entire culture that lasted longer than Western Civilization has existed and it had ran its course before the West was even born.
Next week we'll be looking at the Persians and the Greeks. I'll see you then.
번역
0%
You may not recognize any Assyrian kings or Assyrian language but you probably do know King Tut and you may recognize that the Eye of Horus is right now staring at me and judging me.발음듣기
대기중
I can feel your judgment. (lively music) When we think of ancient civilizations we think of Egypt.발음듣기
대기중
There are a few reasons for this like the fact that the pyramids are the last man standing among these 7 ancient wonders of the world.발음듣기
대기중
You can view history as a millennial-long conversation about philosophy or as clashes between great men or you can see history through the lens of traditionally neglected populations like women or indigenous peoples or slaves, and we're going to try to take many approaches to our study of history during Crash Course.발음듣기
대기중
Remember how you spent all of 3rd year French writing notes back and forth to that girl and she eventually agreed to go out with you and you did make it to second base but now you can hardly [unintelligble]?발음듣기
대기중
Right, so in discussing agriculture and early River Valley Civilization we've been approaching history through the lens of resource distribution and geography.발음듣기
대기중
And just as the violent and capricious Tigris and Euphrates River shaped the world view of early Mesopotamians (faint bubble sound) then Nile shaped the world view of the Egyptians.발음듣기
대기중
The Nile was regular, navigable and benign making for one of the safest and richest agricultural areas in the world.발음듣기
대기중
Each summer the river flooded the fields at precisely the right time leaving behind nutrient-rich silt for planting season.발음듣기
대기중
Planting was so easy that Egyptians just tossed seeds around the silty earth [cow mooing] and then let their cattle or pigs walk on it to press the seeds into the ground [exploding sound] and then boom, bran and figs and wheat and pomegranates and [melvins] and joy.발음듣기
대기중
Which was navigable enough to get valuable resources downstream from timber to gold which the Egyptians considered the divine metal thereby introducing an idea that would eventually culminate in Mr. T.발음듣기
대기중
While other river valley civilizations needed complicated and labor intensive hydraulic engineering projects to irrigate crops, the Nile was so chilled that Egyptians could use a simple form of water management called "basin irrigation" in which farmers used flood waters to fill earth and basins and canals for irrigation.발음듣기
대기중
In short, the awesomeness of the Nile meant Egyptians could create big food surpluses with relatively little work allowing time and energy for some pretty impressive projects.발음듣기
대기중
While ancient Sumerian religion for instance [gong sound] saw the afterlife of this gloomy dark place.발음듣기
대기중
Egyptians were often buried with things that were useful and pleasurable to them in life because the afterlife was seen as a continuation of this life.발음듣기
대기중
Historians have divided Egyptian history into 3 broad categories each with their own number dynasties but only hardcore Egyptologists know the dynasties and we're not trying to become hardcore Egyptologist.발음듣기
대기중
The Middle Kingdom from 2040 to 1640 and the New Kingdom so called because it is only 3,000 years old lasted from 1550 to 1070 BCE.발음듣기
대기중
When you got all the stuff that would later make Indiana Jones possible like the pyramids at Giza and the sun King Ra and the idea of divine kingship.발음듣기
대기중
The king or pharaoh was either a god or very close to a god which seems like a good gig except that it meant he wasn't expected to act like a person.발음듣기
대기중
Then of course there are the pyramids which aside from remaining impressive to behold represent a remarkable degree of political and social control over the population because it is not easy to convince people to devote their lives to building a sarcophagus for someone else.발음듣기
대기중
The pyramids were built partly by peasants who were required by Egyptian law to work for the government a certain number of months per year and partly by slaves.발음듣기
대기중
Well, let's start with Ra. Ra started out as a regional god reigning over Heliopolis but he eventually became really central to the entire pantheon of gods in Ancient Egypt.발음듣기
대기중
The thinking was that if humans did their jobs then the pantheon of gods would maintain cosmic order.발음듣기
대기중
And since the pharaohs became gods upon their death it made sense to please them even unto pyramids.발음듣기
대기중
Egyptian popular religion also embraced the belief in amulets, in magic, in divination and the belief that certain animals especially cats had divine power.발음듣기
대기중
Hieroglyphics for sacred writing and the Demotic script for recording contracts and agreements and other boring stuff.발음듣기
대기중
But then around 2250 BCE there were a series a droughts and pharaohs started fighting over who should have power and we had an Intermediate Period.발음듣기
대기중
The Middle Kingdom which apparently had no hobbits restored pharaonic rule in 2040BCE but with some distinct changes.발음듣기
대기중
Second they fostered a new pantheon of gods the star of which was Amun which means "hidden."발음듣기
대기중
Amun eventually merged with Ra to form the god Amun-Ra who is like the best god ever and all the Middle Kingdom pharaohs made temples for him and devoted all of their surplus to his glory.발음듣기
대기중
The Middle Kingdom also developed an interest in conquering specifically the new pharaoh's homeland of Nubia.발음듣기
대기중
They developed a side interest in getting conquered specifically by the Semitic people from the Levant.발음듣기
대기중
They were able to conquer much of Egypt using superior military technology like bronze weapons and compound bows and chariots of fire.발음듣기
대기중
One group, the Hyksos were able to conquer all of Egypt but rather than destroying Egyptian culture they just relaxed like the Nile and disimilated into the Egyptians and the Egyptians adopted their military technology and then the Egyptians destroys the Hyksos and expelled them from Egypt.발음듣기
대기중
Anyway, after all these conquering and being conquered Egypt eventually emerged from its geographically imposed isolationism and can we cue the New Kingdom graphic? There it is.발음듣기
대기중
New Kingdom egypt continued this military expansion but it looked more like an empire particularly when they headed south and took over a land in an attempt to find gold and slaves.발음듣기
대기중
A woman who ruled Egypt for about 22 years and who expanded Egypt not through military might but through trade.발음듣기
대기중
But most new kingdom pharaohs being dudes focused on military expansion which brought Egypt into conflicts with the Assyrians who you'll remember from last week and then the Persians and then Alexander the Great and finally, the Romans.발음듣기
대기중
On the whole, Egypt you probably would have been better off enjoying its geographical isolation and not trying to conquer new territory but all of Egypt's friends had jumped off a bridge.발음듣기
대기중
There was this crazy new kingdom pharaoh named Akhenaten who tried to invent a new god for Egypt, Aten Akhenaten was kind of the Kim Jong-il of Ancient Egypt.발음듣기
대기중
Like he had this feared police force and this big cult of personality and also he was a nut job.발음듣기
대기중
Anyway, after his death he was replaced by his wife and then a daughter and then a son, Tutankhaten who turned his back on the weird god Aten and changed his name to Tutankhamun.발음듣기
대기중
Honestly, the only reason King Tut is famous is that most pharaohs had their graves robbed by ancient people and King Tut had his grave robbed by 20th Century British people which brings us to the open letter.발음듣기
대기중
First, you had to marry your sister which hopefully you weren't that psyched about plus you had a cleft palate and probably scoliosis.발음듣기
대기중
Since your body was discovered in 1922 you've become probably the most famous ancient person.발음듣기
대기중
Dude, we're so obsessed with you that we used this fancy new technology to scan your body and establish that you probably died of an infected broken leg and/or malaria.발음듣기
대기중
Also you've inspired such seminal works of artists The Discovery Kid Series Tutenstein which my son forces me to watch.발음듣기
대기중
Best wishes, John Green. King Tut leads us nicely to the really crucial thing about Egyptian culture.발음듣기
대기중
That's 5 and a half Americas but because Egypt was so similar for so long it all tends to blend together when we imagine it.발음듣기
대기중
Ancient Egypt lasted a thousand years longer than Christianity has been around and 800 years longer than that other super long lived civilization China.발음듣기
대기중
There was an entire culture that lasted longer than Western Civilization has existed and it had ran its course before the West was even born.발음듣기
대기중
칸아카데미 더보기더 보기
-
Giotto, St. Francis Receiving the Stigmata
39문장 0%번역 좋아요0
번역하기 -
Timpani: Interview and demonstration with pri...
64문장 0%번역 좋아요2
번역하기 -
Simple merger arbitrage with share acquisitio...
38문장 0%번역 좋아요1
번역하기 -
Antonin Dvorak. Symphony 5(9). Analysis by Ge...
62문장 0%번역 좋아요3
번역하기
