Renaissance art발음듣기
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Renaissance art
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How embarrassing, people watching from around the world and I'm stuck waiting on some five-fingered prima donna. Oh, well that's better.발음듣기
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It looks like we'll be talking about the Renaissance Period. During the medieval period, the torch lit by the Greeks, and carried on by the Romans, had been rejected, Medieval values instead elevated the spiritual and denounced the flesh.발음듣기
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Then, in the mid-14th century, Petrarch, an Italian poet and scholar of Latin, was able to reconcile Christianity and classical and Roman-Greek thought in his writings, and revive interest in what had been dismissed as the pagan past.발음듣기
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The shift of focus from god-centered toward human-centered interest became known as Humanism.발음듣기
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Of course, there wouldn't have been much of a Renaissance without a Renaissance man or two, a man with expertise in many fields.발음듣기
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As an artist, he discovered the principles of linear perspective, which gives the illusion of 3-dimensional space, to 2-dimensional art.발음듣기
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Start with the horizon line, add a vanishing point, and then lines that converge to that vanishing point.발음듣기
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The dome he built for the Florence Cathedral, equal in size to the dome of the Pantheon. Brunelleschi's new method of construction was so different that some Florentines wondered if he was mad!발음듣기
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He devised a way to build the dome without scaffolding, and without using flying buttresses, commonly used in Gothic architecture to support the weight of large structures.발음듣기
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Sixteen years later when the dome was completed, it was recognized as a marvel of the era, and Brunelleschi was heralded as a genius.발음듣기
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No, no, no, no, Donatello was not a crime-fighting turtle, but Donatello did study the old Roman styles of sculpture and ornamentation.발음듣기
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His "David" is famous as the first free- standing bronze sculpture cast during the Renaissance. It depicts David as the beautiful youth of the Bible, just after decapitating the giant Goliath, and uses classical techniques like contrapposto in its design.발음듣기
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Donatello also developed a new way of sculpting in shallow relief, that applied the rules of linear perspective to create a greater illustion of depth.발음듣기
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He would have been hailed as the most accomplished sculptor of the Renaissance, if not for the coming of Michelangelo, who, along with da Vinci and Raphael kicked the art world into high gear or the High Renaissance.발음듣기
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Leonardo was a talented painter, sculptor, scientist, architect, and even a military engineer.발음듣기
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His boundless curiosity was best exemplified by his notebooks, which were filled with inventions, like a tank, flying machine, and a parachute.발음듣기
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In 1482, Leonardo went to Milan where he painted his famous mural, "The Last Supper," on the wall of a monastery.발음듣기
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He chose to portray the emotional moment when Jesus predicts that one of the apostles will betray him, and the betrayer will take bread at the same time he does.발음듣기
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The apostles react in different degrees of surprise and horror, except for Judas, who, distracted by the commotion, reaches for a piece of bread.발음듣기
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Leonardo used perspective lines as a compositional device that leads the eye to Jesus' face, the calm center of the chaos.발음듣기
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Though "The Last Supper" had been painted by others, Leonardo's was the first to depict the apostles as real people acting, or reacting, like real people. Now we come to Michelangelo.발음듣기
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The Pieta depicts the body Jesus on his mother Mary's lap, as she mourns his death by crucifixion, and combines the Renaissance ideals of classical beauty and naturalism.발음듣기
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Shortly after installing the Pieta, Michelangelo overheard someone say that the sculpture was the work of another artist.발음듣기
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That night Michelangelo chiseled the words, "Michelangelo Bourinati Florentine made this" across the sash running across Mary's breast. Later, Michelangelo regretted this act.발음듣기
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Michelangelo was reluctant to accept the commission to paint the Sistine chapel, but Pope Julius II insisted.발음듣기
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Contrary to popular belief, Michelangelo did not lay on his back to paint, but stood on specially designed scaffolding and had to reach upward craning his neck awkwardly to paint.발음듣기
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Fresco required painting it to a newly applied layer of wet plaster, and Michelangelo, also a poet, complained in a letter to a friend, "My beard turns up to heaven my nape falls in, a rich embroidery bedews my face, from brushstrokes thick and thin."발음듣기
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One story claims that Raphael slipped into the chapel to examine the paintings when Michelangelo was absent. "Mamma mia! What's the matter with me? It's back to the drawing board."발음듣기
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Raphael scraped the fresco he was painting off the wall and repainted it, imitating the more powerful style of Michelangelo. Raphael became a favorite of the Pope, and was commissioned to paint other rooms in the Vatican.발음듣기
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His greatest masterpiece, "The School of Athens," portrays Plato, Aristotle and other Greek philosophers, mathematicians, scientists, from classical antiquity, sharing their ideas, and learning from each other.발음듣기
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It's a kind of intellectual fantasy gathering, since these figures all lived at different times, and it shows that Humanism had become accepted in the church.발음듣기
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Sounds like my kind of party, Plato, Aristotle, Arturo, huh? Oh, we haven't mentioned the Northern Renaissance. No, no, no, Leonardo, Michelangelo, and Raphael did not go North for a skiing trip.발음듣기
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Sorry folks, you'll have to excuse the hand today, it's just that, well, for many, the Renaissance was an intoxicating time.발음듣기
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The ideas of the Renaissance migrated up into the rest of Europe, and started what was called the Northern Renaissance.발음듣기
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Artists of the North had a fondness for meticulous detail, and were more interested in realism than classicism.발음듣기
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Albrecht D?rer traveled to Italy and was friends with Raphael and other artists of the Renaissance. He was able to incorporate Italian and Northern ideas into his paintings and prints.발음듣기
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He became one of the most influential artists of printmaking, and elevated this relatively new art form to new levels of aesthetic quality and popularity.발음듣기
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After the death of Leonardo in 1519 and Raphael in 1520, artists rejected the values of the High Renaissance for a more heightened or more mannered approach.발음듣기
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Mannerists like Tintoretto created unbalanced compositions that gave a visual tension to the work.발음듣기
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Tintoreto's painting of "The Last Supper" shifts the table from the center to the left side, and emphasizes dramatic light and motion to increase the drama of the image.발음듣기
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Mannerist artists also intentionally distorted and stylized the human body and spatial relationships, like this painting of "The Madonna," by Parmigiano.발음듣기
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The figures are elongated, and instead of balancing the angels on either side of Mary, they are deliberately squeezed into the left side with only a tiny Saint Jerome on the right.발음듣기
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The Renaissance included the discovery of the New World by Columbus, the invention of the printing press by Gutenberg, the beginning of the Protestant Reformation by Martin Luther, and the scientific advances of Copernicus and Galileo, to name a few.발음듣기
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