The Treasury of Atreus, c. 1300-1250 B.C.E., Mycenae, Greece

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The Treasury of Atreus, c. 1300-1250 B.C.E., Mycenae, Greece발음듣기

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(piano music) Voiceover: Just down the hill from Mycenae the great Citadel of the Mycenaean's.발음듣기

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The Bronze Age Greek mainland people that traded as far away as Italy and north Africa.발음듣기

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There is, in a hill, an enormous tomb which is sometimes known as the Treasury of Atreus.발음듣기

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Voiceover: Or the tomb of Agamemnon.발음듣기

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Voiceover: The type of tomb that we're looking at is called a tholos or a beehive tomb.발음듣기

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And this is one of two types of tombs at Mycenae.발음듣기

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These are the larger of the two types.발음듣기

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The other are shaft graves within a larger circle.발음듣기

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But the tholos are truly monumental and this is the largest of them all.발음듣기

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Voiceover: And these date to a slightly later period of Mycenaean history and they are clearly expressions of power the ruling elite were buried in tholos tombs.발음듣기

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Voiceover: We're going to walk in, walking along a passageway that's built into the side of the hill with huge blocks of stone that have been cut quite finely and fit together very closely.발음듣기

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Some of the stones are just of such a large scale that it's hard to imagine people being able to move them.발음듣기

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Voiceover: Right now it looks very spare but this had carvings ...발음듣기

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Voiceover: It may have had relief sculpture.발음듣기

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And there was also finer kinds of more decorative stone.발음듣기

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Okay, I can't wait.발음듣기

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Let's go in.발음듣기

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We're now entering the dromos which is the entrance pathway.발음듣기

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(stones crunching underfoot) Voiceover: The walls on either side rise above us giving an unmistakable impression of a grand monumental space.발음듣기

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Voiceover: It's ceremonial and it feels as if we are entering the earth.발음듣기

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There's a slight grade upward.발음듣기

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Voiceover: The entranceway, it tapers inward as it moves up.발음듣기

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Look at that deep and heavy lintel stone that moves back through that doorway.발음듣기

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Voiceover: It's made out of two pieces and we estimate that it weighs over 100 tons.발음듣기

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Voiceover: So the kind of vaulting that we see above the lintel is called corbeling.발음듣기

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Where the stones are cut and placed so that each one, as it moves up, moves slightly inward, creating this triangular space above the lintel known as the relieving triangle.발음듣기

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The Lion Gate in Mycenae, that space is filled with a relief sculpture.발음듣기

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Voiceover: We don't think this was, but again, there were complex stones that would have faced this rougher masonry and we know that at least some of it was imported from Egypt.발음듣기

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Voiceover: Right.발음듣기

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There were columns on either side that were decorated.발음듣기

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Some of these are located now in the Archaeological Museum in Athens.발음듣기

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Voiceover: And there were very complex patterns.발음듣기

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There were zig-zags, there were spirals ...발음듣기

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Voiceover: Chevrons.발음듣기

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Voiceover: It was a really ornate space.발음듣기

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An enormous amount of treasure was expended to make this.발음듣기

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Voiceover: And we know that the Mycenaean people buried considerable treasure with their dead.발음듣기

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These tombs, though, have been robbed.발음듣기

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Voiceover: We're now at the threshold and we can feel the coolness of the interior space.발음듣기

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It's empty, it's dark, and it's massive.발음듣기

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Voiceover: And it's long.발음듣기

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This entryway is 10 or 15 feet deep.발음듣기

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Voiceover: As we enter into the domical space itself, we are in a round chamber, which beside the entranceway and the actual burial chamber to the right, is completely circular.발음듣기

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Some architectural historians have hypothesized that there may have been carved bulls around the bottom, but it rises to an enormous height above us.발음듣기

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Voiceover: So this is a real engineering achievement to create a domical-vaulted space this high and this wide.발음듣기

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This is not Post and Lintel architecture but the creating of round, arched spaces.발음듣기

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Voiceover: In fact, this will be the largest domical space until the Pantheon in Rome.발음듣기

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Voiceover: More than 1,000 years later.발음듣기

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Voiceover: And it is using that corbeling technique.발음듣기

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So each of these stones pushes inward at ever-so-slightly and is cut at an angle so that you have this smooth transition up to the apex with a cap stone.발음듣기

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The width and height of the space are almost equal. and so there really is a sense of perfection here.발음듣기

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A sense of the ideal.발음듣기

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Voiceover: It's obvious that this circular space, this enormous vault has symbolic meaning for the powerful person who is buried here. (piano music)발음듣기

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