Guercino, Saint Luke Displaying a Painting of the Virgin발음듣기
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Guercino, Saint Luke Displaying a Painting of the Virgin
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Male voiceover: Well, here we are looking at Guercino's painting of St. Luke painting the Virgin and Child, or St. Luke at the easel.발음듣기
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Female voiceover: Luke was one of the four evangelists - Matthew, Mark, Luke and John [unintelligible].발음듣기
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Male voiceover: He was one of the four evangelists writing one of the four gospels that makes up the Christian Bible.발음듣기
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Male voiceover: He was also believed to be a painter and Christians of the time, and some today, believe that he had actually painted first-hand images of Christ and the Virgin Mary.발음듣기
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So he, for that reason, is also the patron saint of artists, because he was mostly known as being an evangelist, but he was also thought of as being a painter [unintelligible].발음듣기
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Female voiceover: Yeah, you know it makes me think about the whole Christian tradition of making images, and this desire to have the image connect directly to Christ and the apostles, and to marry and not to have any distance between the image and the reality.발음듣기
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We also see in the background this inkwell with the [unintelligible] bowl, that is the allegorical symbol for St. Luke, sitting on top of a book, which we have to assume is the Gospel of St. Luke, one of the books of the Bible.발음듣기
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It shows him in this dual respect, and in that sense, it's almost a rather traditional representation of St. Luke.발음듣기
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It's also interesting, because we could talk about this as a very good example of a Baroque painting from the 17th century - this is from the 1650s - because as in other Baroque paintings that had started developing in the late 1500s,발음듣기
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we have very naturalistic figures, a sense of classicizing figures, and architecture and clothing.발음듣기
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Male voiceover: What's maybe most interesting about this painting is how we can also think of it, to a certain extent, as a Counter-Reformation painting.발음듣기
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For the Catholic church, we can think of this painting as a response that the Catholics are giving toward the Protestant Reformation.발음듣기
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For many decades at this point, for over a hundred years, the Protestant church, especially in northern Europe, had been criticizing the Catholics for many aspects of their devotion and religious practice.발음듣기
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Male voiceover: In some parts, they were going around tearing paintings down, gouging out sculptures' eyes, smashing and destroying things.발음듣기
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Male voiceover: Exactly, because generally speaking, the criticism was that art was not good, according to the Protestants, for religious purposes, because it was distracting.발음듣기
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You would be distracted by the artist's skill, or the beauty of the painting, or the eroticism of the figures.발음듣기
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Female voiceover: You could even be fooled into worshiping the image itself instead of the ideas behind the image.발음듣기
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Male voiceover: The Protestants said that was a great, great danger, that you could be so astounded by a painting by Leonardo that you would end up worshiping the image more than the message was trying to convey.발음듣기
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Male voiceover: Rather than images, the Protestants had said the primary focus of your devotion, the primary tool for devotion and religious meditation, should instead be text, the word of the actual Bible itself.발음듣기
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because one of the things that they were saying was that the church, in all of its practices and rituals, had gotten away from what Christ actually wrote in the Bible, and encouraged a going back and a close reading of the real text, not just listening to the words of the priest and the practices of the church.발음듣기
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Male voiceover: In any case, after decades of this Protestant criticism, and the Protestant churches - the Lutherans, the Calvinists, and so on - are growing stronger and stronger.발음듣기
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The Catholic church needed to formulate its response beginning in the mid-1500s, and this is the period known as the Counter-Reformation.발음듣기
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One of the main points of the Catholic Counter-Reformation is that they're justifying the use of art.발음듣기
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They're saying that art is an important religious tool, and one of the most straightforward reasons that they claimed it was, was that, of course, even though literacy had grown tremendously, still most people did not know how to read.발음듣기
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The Catholics respond to the Protestants, "How can we tell people that the Bible is their main devotional tool if they can't even read, and if books are still relatively rare objects?"발음듣기
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Instead, they say - Catholics that religious images, altar pieces in churches, devotional images in your house, these are more useful than books because everyone can understand what they're about.발음듣기
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You don't have to know how to read and, as some people still say today, a picture can be worth a thousand words.발음듣기
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You can communicate things with images that are impossible to communicate with written words on the page.발음듣기
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Here in this painting, what we have is not only a celebration of a painter - St. Luke, according to Catholic belief but this is really a very pointed, a very rhetorical defense of painted religious images, and it even suggests that painting is even more important than the written word.발음듣기
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Look how he turns, looks at the viewer and gestures towards his painting of the Virgin and Child, as if to say, "Look at what I'm doing.발음듣기
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In the background, we have an angel looking over his shoulder, looking pleasantly at the painting, representing Divine approbation, as if God and the angels in Heaven ...발음듣기
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Female voiceover: Just like God inspired the gospels, so God inspired the painting [unintelligible].발음듣기
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Remember, of course, in a Baroque painting, nothing is included accidentally or for no reason.발음듣기
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There's this weight on top of it, and as you said, he's literally turned his back on the written word in order to focus on the painting.발음듣기
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Female voiceover: When you look at this, and you think, "Mary and the Christ child "in this devotional image to inspire prayer", and you think, "Which is going to inspire prayer?발음듣기
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We need to understand this painting in terms of the dialogue, the conflict, between the Protestants and the Catholics, in terms of the Protestants saying, "Focus on the text," and the Catholics defending the use of images.발음듣기
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We should also add that the Protestants liked St. Luke quite a lot, even though generally, they were a little bit averse to the cult of saints.발음듣기
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You think he's a great hero because he was a writer, but he was also a painter and therefore, you cannot criticize painting," ...발음듣기
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Male voiceover: Because one of the great heroes of the church was a painter, and made religious images according to their belief.발음듣기
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Female voiceover: It's the church continually needing to justify, throughout its history at different moments, the use of images and their power.발음듣기
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