Curiosity: Searching for carbon

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Curiosity: Searching for carbon발음듣기

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Rear view stable.발음듣기

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Rear view stable.발음듣기

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Touch down confirmed.발음듣기

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We are safe on Mars.발음듣기

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There is the wheel of the rover.발음듣기

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Is that a shadow?발음듣기

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That’s the shadow of the rover, of the Curiosity rover on the surface of Mars!발음듣기

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I can’t believe this.발음듣기

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This is unbelievable.발음듣기

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Curiosity is the most complicated vehicle to ever be built and sent to Mars.발음듣기

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And the primary goal of the mission is to search for habitable environments.발음듣기

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With Curiosity, we're trying to understand whether or not Mars had the capability of actually supporting life.발음듣기

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So the three primary prerequisites for life are water, an energy source, and carbon.발음듣기

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Now we know that Mars has had water on its surface, and we know that the sun is there providing all sorts of energy, but where is the carbon?발음듣기

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The only way to find it is to get on the ground and bring the tools that we need to test for it and go look.발음듣기

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Well we landed on August 5, of 2012, and then we had about 20 days where we did check out, making sure all the instruments were working properly, making sure that Curiosity, all her subsystems, were working properly.발음듣기

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And now we are beginning to drive towards Mount Sharp.발음듣기

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Now Mount Sharp is a fascinating place.발음듣기

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It’s the reason we chose the landing site.발음듣기

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What you see there is a mountain of layers that is about 5 kilometers high, and we think it is just the right place to search for organic carbon.발음듣기

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So it's like reading a book - you start at the beginning, which are like the layers lower down in Mount Sharp, and as we drive from the lower reaches to higher up Mount Sharp.발음듣기

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We're basically going through the history book of early Mars.발음듣기

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Carbon is a requirement for all of life.발음듣기

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Carbon provides a backbone element for creating the vast majority of molecules that we have in biological systems.발음듣기

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And we call those molecules organic molecules.발음듣기

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Carbon has the flexibility that life can use to do what it needs to do to function.발음듣기

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So we are looking for that source of material that life could potentially tap.발음듣기

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Right now we are in the Mars Yard, which is a facility that we have here at JPL that attempts to mimic what we might encounter on Mars.발음듣기

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So, when we are driving around on Mars we have to get to where the scientists want to go.발음듣기

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Everyday they basically say, hey, let’s go to that rock over there.발음듣기

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And it’s our job as the rover drivers to safely navigate the rover from point A to point B.발음듣기

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And there might be rocks in the way, or steep slopes, or loose sand, and we have to navigate all of these different challenges and keep the rover safe.발음듣기

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We have found traverses where we can make it up most of the way of Mount Sharp keeping at slopes below 30 degrees.발음듣기

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And we can see from orbit how steep are the hillsides, but we don’t know from orbit is it really loose material?발음듣기

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Is it hard packed material?발음듣기

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And will the rover be able to really make it up those slopes?발음듣기

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That’s one of the things that we won’t know until we get there.발음듣기

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The reason that we went to Mount Sharp is because we have satellite data that suggests that there were clay minerals present and sulfate minerals present.발음듣기

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The reason that these two minerals are important is because they are well known for preserving organic carbon.발음듣기

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The clays and the sulfates encapsulate organic materials and protect them.발음듣기

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If we want to get to those organic molecules, we have to crack them from the rock itself.발음듣기

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We have to release them from the rock.발음듣기

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This is a piece of gypsum.발음듣기

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And we are interested in gypsum because Mount Sharp is actually composed mostly of this rock, and the Curiosity rover would first drill it and then take some of the drill powder and give it to SAM.발음듣기

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SAM is a box inside the belly of the Curiosity rover on Mars.발음듣기

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And condensed inside that box is an entire laboratory for analyzing the chemistry of different rocks and sediments on Mars.발음듣기

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We heat up a sample to really, really high temperatures which will turn that sample into different gases.발음듣기

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And the gases get sniffed by the mass spectrometer.발음듣기

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That mass spectrometer takes all of the different gases there, and it tells us the molecules that are in that sample.발음듣기

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If it’s a large molecule it will break it apart into small pieces and identify each of those small pieces.발음듣기

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And with a whole bunch of if, ands, and buts answered we might be able to address whether or not those rocks actually have organic carbon in them now or if they ever did in the past.발음듣기

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We may or may not ever find evidence for organic carbon during the course of Curiosity’s mission, and that’s O.K.발음듣기

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with me because what we are still doing is learning about the environmental evolution of a planet that’s very close to Earth.발음듣기

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They both started out kind of having the same conditions, and then as time went by Earth went in one direction and Mars went in the other.발음듣기

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And so by looking at what we see on Mars, we get a better context to understand what led to the emergence of life on Earth.발음듣기

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