Early Photography: Making Daguerreotypes발음듣기
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Early Photography: Making Daguerreotypes
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출처 : 칸아카데미
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On Monday afternoon August 19, 1839, the French Academy of Science held a special meeting to publicly disclose the formula for making daguerreotypes.발음듣기
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The technique's inventor, Louis Jacques-Mandé Daguerre, had sold his formula to the French government so that it could be made freely available to the public without patent restrictions.발음듣기
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As quickly as railroads and steamships could travel, news of the invention spread around the world.발음듣기
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Nowhere was the daguerreotype more popular than in America, a young democracy and a mecca of progress.발음듣기
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For all their popularity producing daguerreotypes was a labor intensive process, requiring a lot of equipment and skill.발음듣기
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To secure it and make it easier to handle the plate is placed silver side up on an adjustable block.발음듣기
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In this modern demonstration of the daguerreotype process, the daguerreotypist applies a small amount of white powder called rotten stone to a cloth moistened with dilute alcohol.발음듣기
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The daguerreotypist applies the alcohol and rotten stone to the surface of the plate using a consistent motion.발음듣기
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Polishing the plate in the same direction improves viewing of the highly reflective surface.발음듣기
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The plate is the buffed a second time with a clean, padded stick in order to increase its reflectivity.발음듣기
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In the dark the daguerreotypist places the polished plate face down in a sensitizing box which contains a small amount of iodine crystals.발음듣기
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In about 15 to 45 seconds fumes from the iodine react with the silver, coating the plate with silver iodide, this process would then be repeated with fumes from bromine, or quick stuff.발음듣기
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From the sensitizing box, the daguerreotypist removes the plate, now coated with bromoiodide of silver.발음듣기
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The daguerreotypist places the light sensitive plate in a plate-holder with the coated side down.발음듣기
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Early exposure times were notoriously long and sometimes uncomfortable, often taking more than 20 seconds.발음듣기
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To ensure that the sitter did not move during the exposure, an 1840 Boston newspaper recommended the following, "his head should "be placed on a semi-circle of iron fitted "to the back of the chair, his arms "may be arranged at pleasure.발음듣기
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Now, if everything is arranged as it should be, your portrait will often "be made in even in less than 20 seconds "and in the most satisfactory manner."발음듣기
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A few ounces of liquid mercury are very carefully poured into a flaring, iron vessel, heated by an alcohol lamp.발음듣기
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The exposed plate is removed from the plate holder and placed face down in the mercury chamber which is heated to approximately 175 degrees Fahrenheit.발음듣기
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After mercury vapor reacts with the sensitized silver the daguerreotypist removes the developed plate.발음듣기
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The daguerreotypist then fixes the plate, making it safe for viewing in normal light by pouring on it a solution of hyposulfite of soda.발음듣기
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After a final cleaning of the plate, the daguerreotype is assembled for safe-keeping and display.발음듣기
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The plate is put into a shallow-hinged case that includes a decorative mat and preserver both of brass and a glass cover with taped edges.발음듣기
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Daguerreotype studios presented their wares in a variety of cases, ranging from simple leather or cloth-covered wood to elaborate examples of inlaid mother of pearl and molded thermo-plastic.발음듣기
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The work was often done by women and children, as in this factory, one of the largest of its kind.발음듣기
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It is estimated that by the mid-1850s in the United States alone, approximately three million daguerreotypes were produced annually, representing a retail industry of seven and a half million dollars.발음듣기
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In 1849, an American author concluded, "In our great cities, a daguerreotypist is "to be found in almost every square.발음듣기
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