Capital of a column from the audience hall of the palace of Darius I, Susa

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Capital of a column from the audience hall of the palace of Darius I, Susa발음듣기

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Voiceover: We're standing in the Louvre, looking at an enormous top of a column and capital formed of two bulls heads.발음듣기

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This is such a strange motif to me.발음듣기

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It's so different than capitals we see in ancient Egyptian or ancient Greek art.발음듣기

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Voiceover: And we're in a period when ancient Greece was, in fact, beginning to produce its most famous architecture.발음듣기

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This was about 500 B.C.E. We're in the area that is currently Iran.발음듣기

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Voiceover: This is the Achaemenid Empire and they have ruled over a vast area of the Mediterranean in the Near East.발음듣기

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Voiceover: They tried to rule over ancient Greece, but the Greeks would be successful, much to their surprise.발음듣기

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And just from this bull capital, because of its massiveness and because you know that this is just one of dozens of such capitals, 발음듣기

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you get a sense of the scale of the royal architecture of this dynasty and the power of the Persians.발음듣기

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And just how frightening that must have been to the ancient Greeks.발음듣기

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Voiceover: This capital was one of 36 that topped enormous columns in the audience hall or 'apadana'.발음듣기

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Voiceover: So, we're in the ancient city of Susa.발음듣기

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This capital comes from one of two major palaces that were built by the Persian king Darius.발음듣기

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Look at the size of those bulls.발음듣기

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I wouldn't stand as tall, even though it's crouching.발음듣기

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Voiceover: So, imagine this in a hypostyled or columned hall.발음듣기

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This dense forest of columns. And this is where the king would receive visitors.발음듣기

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So, this expression of power within an entire palace complex, built of precious materials, brought from all over Darius' empire.발음듣기

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Voiceover: The large scrolling forms, which remind us a little bit of Ionic architecture from ancient Greece would themselves have only been a transitional layer, 발음듣기

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because below that would have been an additional capital, and then below that would have been the shaft of the column itself with a base.발음듣기

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The bulls themselves would have been quite high up and would've probably have been much more dimly lit than we're seeing them now.발음듣기

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You can see how the two bulls are actually connected into a single form, with only the heads and the front part of the bodies doubled.발음듣기

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And then in the notch that is created in their backs, we have the beams of the palace cradled.발음듣기

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Voiceover: These capitals supported a very high wooden roof, probably 40, 50, or 60 feet high.발음듣기

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They seem to be kneeling, and yet, towering above us.발음듣기

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So, I imagine anyone entering this hallway, would have felt very small.발음듣기

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Voiceover: In part, because you have this great mass, that is at the very top of a slender column, which emphasizes that sense of scale.발음듣기

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The other issue is that these are carved out of stone, which would have been imported from local mountains, whereas most of the palace was made out of mud brick that had been fired.발음듣기

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And so the monumentally of the density of this stone, would have been impressive as well.발음듣기

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Voiceover: One of the things you notice immediately when you look at the capital, is that it seems to be comprised of two different colors of stone.발음듣기

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And this is because what we're looking at is actually a composite restored by archeologists from several different capitals.발음듣기

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Voiceover: Even though the bulls themselves are fragments that have been put together, some of the craftsmanship is still evident.발음듣기

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Look for instance at the patterning of the curls of the fur.발음듣기

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You can see that especially on the bulls' breasts, the delicacy of the ears and the horns and the eyes.발음듣기

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They really are expressive creatures. 발음듣기

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Voiceover: But frightening and everything in this palace was meant to impress.발음듣기

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Some of the glazed brickwork survived from the palace.발음듣기

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There are images of griffins, of sphinxes, of guards.발음듣기

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Voiceover: The guards are interesting.발음듣기

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They're holding spears and they've got bows wrapped over their shoulders.발음듣기

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You can actually see their quivers just over their backs.발음듣기

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Voiceover: This accumulation of images of power as you made your way up to the audience hall, through this field of columns.발음듣기

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Voiceover: By the time you got your audience with the king, You would've been most impressed.발음듣기

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And the power that he wielded over so much of the Mediterranean, over so much of the Near East was clear.발음듣기

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