Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and Three Daughters

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Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and Three Daughters발음듣기

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STEVEN ZUCKER: So around 1350 BC, everything changed in Egyptian art.발음듣기

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BETH HARRIS: When we think about Egyptian art, we don't think of change.발음듣기

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STEVEN ZUCKER: That's true. The Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, the New Kingdom, and the transitional periods between-- art is consistent for almost 3,000 years.발음듣기

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But there is this radical break right around 1350.발음듣기

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And it's because the ruler, Akhenaten, changes the state religion.발음듣기

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BETH HARRIS: He changes it from the worship of the god Amun to a new god, a sun god, called Aten.발음듣기

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So he actually changes his own name to Akhenaten, which means Aten is pleased.발음듣기

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The key is he makes him and his wife the only representatives of Aten on earth.발음듣기

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And so he upsets the entire priesthood of Egypt by making him and his wife the only ones with access to this new god, Aten.발음듣기

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STEVEN ZUCKER: And in fact, after Akhenaten dies, Egypt will return to its traditional religion.발음듣기

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So this period is a very brief episode in Egyptian history, but it also marks a real shift in style.발음듣기

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And this small stone plaque that we're looking at, this sunken relief carving-- which would have been placed in a private domestic environment-- is a perfect example of those stylistic changes.발음듣기

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BETH HARRIS: Right. It would have been an altar in someone's home, where they would have seen Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti and their relationship to the god Aten.발음듣기

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This has always been one of my favorite sculptures.발음듣기

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It's so informal, compared to most Egyptian art.발음듣기

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We really have a sense of a couple and their relationship with one another and their relationship with their children.발음듣기

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And love and domesticity. 발음듣기

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STEVEN ZUCKER: So let's take a close look.발음듣기

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On the left, you have Akhenaten himself.발음듣기

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This is the pharaoh of Egypt, the supreme ruler.발음듣기

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You can see that he's holding his eldest daughter, and he's actually getting ready to kiss her.발음듣기

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He seems to be holding her very tenderly, supporting her head, holding her under the thighs.발음듣기

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She seems to be, perhaps, pointing back to her mother at the same moment.발음듣기

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BETH HARRIS: We see Nefertiti holding another daughter on her lap, pointing back to Akhenaten, and yet a third daughter, the youngest one, on her shoulder, playing with her earring.발음듣기

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And I think it's immediately apparent that there's something wrong with their anatomy.발음듣기

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If we look at the children, or we look at Nefertiti or Akhenaten, we see swollen bellies, very thin arms, and elongated skulls, forms that have made historians wonder whether there was something medically wrong with Akhenaten.발음듣기

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STEVEN ZUCKER: In fact, we don't think that there was.발음듣기

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We think that this is a purely stylistic break.발음듣기

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It was meant to distinguish this new age, this new religion, from Egypt's past.발음듣기

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BETH HARRIS: Egyptian art had been dominated by rectilinear forms.발음듣기

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Here, Akhenaten seems to be demanding this new style dominated by curvilinear forms.발음듣기

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STEVEN ZUCKER: Look at the careful attention to the drapery.발음듣기

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There is a softness throughout that is an absolute contrast to the traditions of Egyptian art.발음듣기

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But in some ways, there are elements of traditional Egyptian sculpture.발음듣기

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BETH HARRIS: Right. We still see a composite view of the body.발음듣기

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A profile view of the face, but a frontal view of the eye.발음듣기

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STEVEN ZUCKER: Right. Or one hip is facing us.발음듣기

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But the shoulders are squared with us.발음듣기

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So as much of the body is exposed to us as possible, while the figures are still in profile.발음듣기

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So let's take a look at some of the iconography here.발음듣기

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This little panel really tells us a lot.발음듣기

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God is present. Aten is present, here rendered as the sun disk.발음듣기

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And from that sun-- which has a small cobra in it, which signifies that this is the supreme deity, the only deity.발음듣기

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Akhenaten was a monotheist. And this was in such contrast to the pantheon of gods that traditional Egyptian religion counted on.발음듣기

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Here Akhenaten says, no, there is only one true god.발음듣기

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So we can see the cobra.발음듣기

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We can see the sun disk.발음듣기

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And then we can see rays of light that pour down.발음듣기

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And if you look closely, you can see hands at the ends of those rays, except for the rays that terminate right at the faces of the king and queen.발음듣기

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And there, you see not only hands, but also ankhs, the Egyptian sign of life.발음듣기

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And so it's as if Aten is giving life to these two people, and these two people alone.발음듣기

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BETH HARRIS: Those rays of light are holding those ankhs right at the noses, the breath of life for Akhenaten and Nefertiti.발음듣기

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We can see in the throne of Nefertiti symbols of both Upper and Lower Egypt, indicating that Nefertiti is queen of both.발음듣기

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STEVEN ZUCKER: Akhenaten himself is sitting on a simpler throne.발음듣기

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It does give a sense of her importance and the fact that they would rule Egypt together.발음듣기

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