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Beginning sentences with conjunctions

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Beginning sentences with conjunctions 발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Hey grammarians. Some of you may have been raised like me, with the superstition that it wasn't okay to start a sentence with a conjunction.발음듣기

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Like for, or and, or nor, or but.발음듣기

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But I'm here to tell you, not to bury the lead, totally fine.발음듣기

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Like, you may do this.발음듣기

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There is nothing ungrammatical about this construction.발음듣기

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Let me show you what I mean and what sort of sentences have historically been regarded, by some people, as unacceptable.발음듣기

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So let's start by looking at this two sentence paragraph.발음듣기

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"Ginny looked at the painting suspiciously.발음듣기

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But, as she turned away, she didn't see it look at her."발음듣기

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Or, just starting something on its own, without connecting it to, you know, you can start a paragraph with it like, "But the question remains, what is art?"발음듣기

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There's this, there's this superstition that says that you can't begin sentences with conjunctions, that it's ungrammatical or weak writing, and I don't think either of these things are true.발음듣기

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In fact, I think is a conflation, or a confusion of a couple separate issues in writing.발음듣기

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But sometimes you wanna punctuate a sentence by beginning with a conjunction.발음듣기

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There's a kind of dramatic tension you can access by beginning a sentence like that, kind of unexpectedly leaping into action.발음듣기

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What I like about sentence initial "But" here is that it kind of, you think the sentence is over, and it is, but then this other thing happens, and putting it after a piece of terminal punctuation like a period really serves to bring into sharp relief whatever it is you're trying to say after the "But."발음듣기

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I think this an awfully useful technique, and I'm not alone.발음듣기

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Brian Garner, the author of the usage manual that I use most of the time, Garner's Modern American Usage, says that about 9% of sentences by, what he calls, first-rate writers begin with "and, but" and "so" or other words in the FANBOYS mnemonic, if you remember FANBOYS.발음듣기

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And that's "for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so."발음듣기

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And then those are the coordinating conjunctions.발음듣기

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And it's not just Garner, 'cause that's a relatively recent publication, but we're talking about language authorities going back to like, Anglo-Saxon times?!발음듣기

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I've never had a problem with starting sentences with conjunctions.발음듣기

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I think where the prohibition has traditionally come from, where this language superstition comes from, is a conflation with another problem.발음듣기

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Let's get to that on the next screen.발음듣기

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Alright, consider the following utterance.발음듣기

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"Because I said so."발음듣기

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Is this a sentence?발음듣기

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No, actually this is what's called a sentence fragment.발음듣기

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"Because I said so." is a dependent clause, it can't stand on its own in a sentence.발음듣기

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"Because" is what we'd call a subordinating conjunction.발음듣기

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So dependent clauses follow subordinating conjunctions, which means that they grant context, but they can't stand on their own as sentences.발음듣기

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If you remember the analogy I used previously, an independent clause, you know, is like a tree.발음듣기

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And, a subordinating conjunction marking a dependent clause is like a ladder leaning up against that tree.발음듣기

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You can have the tree without the ladder, but without the tree to lean on, the ladder's not gonna stand up.발음듣기

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Now it's totally fine to begin a sentence with "because," as long as it's attached to an independent clause.발음듣기

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So, you know, you could say, "Because I told them to," comma, the goblins built me a sandcastle."발음듣기

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Very nice, so the little goblins do that.발음듣기

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So, I think because of that fear of just ending the sentence as "Because I told them to," of creating the sentence fragment, I think it's pretty easy to simplify all that down into just saying, oh, don't start sentences with conjunctions, just generally.발음듣기

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So this is really less about how you start an utterance, and more about how you end it.발음듣기

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If you're gonna start a sentence with a conjunction of any kind, you have to make sure that you're actually producing a sentence.발음듣기

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So think about your follow through, is ultimately the take away here.발음듣기

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If you start a sentence with a conjunction, make sure you're building towards some kind of independent clause.발음듣기

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Now don't get me wrong, sentence fragments definitely have their place, but, not in formal writing.발음듣기

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You would use this maybe for rhetorical effect, or, to approach a kind of realism in dialogue, but not in essay writing, not for the newspaper.발음듣기

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I just wanna repeat, there's not really a rule against beginning sentences with a conjunction.발음듣기

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It's a superstition, frankly.발음듣기

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And in practice, the rule is generally ignored.발음듣기

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So I read this paper from like 1994, or so, that analyzed the frequency of the word "but" in newspapers, and found that 60% of the time it was used at the beginnings of sentences.발음듣기

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Which is way more often than certainly I expected!발음듣기

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But it makes sense for that medium.발음듣기

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It's punchy, it's dramatic.발음듣기

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But, it gets a little stale if you use it too often, I think.발음듣기

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But, again, you can absolutely begin sentences with conjunctions.발음듣기

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It's just that if you start a sentence with a conjunction, you have to follow through, and actually make it a sentence.발음듣기

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If you begin a sentence with a subordinating conjunction, you're writing a dependent clause that needs to be followed up by an independent clause, right?발음듣기