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Compound prepositions

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Compound prepositions발음듣기

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[Voiceover] Hey grammarians, today we're talking about compound prepositions which are prepositions that have more than one syllable.발음듣기

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And a syllable is like a unit of rhythmic measurement in language.발음듣기

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So for example you could say, com-pound prep-o-si-tions.발음듣기

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Right so, the word compound has two syllables here and the word prep-o-si-tions has four.발음듣기

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And it's how many rhythmic word sounds there are.발음듣기

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That's all it means.발음듣기

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And it generally tends to mean that a word is more complicated.발음듣기

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Adding to the complication is that a lot of these words have multiple meanings.발음듣기

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Beginning with between.발음듣기

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So between can have a literal meaning, but it can also have a metaphorical meaning.발음듣기

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And what it means is that when you use between in a sentence, you're considering multiple objects as individuals.발음듣기

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So, between considers individuals.발음듣기

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I'll explain. So you could say something literal.발음듣기

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Like, "The firefly zipped between the raindrops."발음듣기

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Literally going in between each one.발음듣기

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But you could also use it in an abstract, metaphorical way.발음듣기

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"What do you want to watch?"발음듣기

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"I can't decide between Humdinger! and Police-Cat."발음듣기

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Right, which are made up TV shows.발음듣기

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This describes not a physical relationship, but the relationship of ideas.발음듣기

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You're choosing between two ideas.발음듣기

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Or making a decision between two concepts.발음듣기

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Now, between often gets confused with the word among.발음듣기

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And they do have distinct meanings.발음듣기

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Because where between considers individuals, among is a preposition that considers collections.발음듣기

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So among considers collectively.발음듣기

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Among can also have a literal, physical meaning.발음듣기

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Or a metaphorical meaning.발음듣기

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We could say something like, "Ashley and Cyrus frolicked among the daisies."발음듣기

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And we could say this because we're not really distinguishing between each individual daisy, the way that the firefly up here in this sentence is distinguishing between each individual raindrop that it flies between.발음듣기

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I imagine Ashley and Cyrus as dancing through or frolicking through a field of daisies, and they are not distinguishing between each one.발음듣기

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You can also use among metaphorically.발음듣기

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And say, "Among the ideas you've had, I like this one best."발음듣기

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So considering the entire collection of ideas that you might've had, like say for a television show like something called Humdinger! and something called Police-Cat.발음듣기

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Among those ideas, among like a multitude of ideas I like this one.발음듣기

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But the difference is, in this in this prepositional phrase, that we're just sort of considering all of those ideas as a collective group.발음듣기

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Let's look at some more prepositions.발음듣기

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Around is a word that has both a literal and a metaphorical connotation.발음듣기

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And around is in the literal sense, is pretty, pretty explanatory.발음듣기

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Pretty self-explanatory.발음듣기

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"The fox ran around the tree."발음듣기

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Right, so we got this tree, then we got a little fox going around it.발음듣기

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There goes the weird lookin' little foxy.발음듣기

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But in the metaphorical sense, we can also use this connotation of going around something in a circle, you know, "The mayor talked around the issue."발음듣기

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You can use the word around as a metaphor to say that someone is avoiding something.발음듣기

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By instead of addressing it head-on, just going what, what's that?발음듣기

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Nope. And here's your little trouble box, here.발음듣기

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So you can take this physical idea and extend it into the realm of the figurative in language.발음듣기

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Against, right, has this connotation of opposing or opposition.발음듣기

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And literally you can say something like, "Rudyard leaned heavily against a tree."발음듣기

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Or you can use it metaphorically, by saying you're opposed to something, you're opposed to an idea, right?발음듣기

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"Georgie campaigned against clog dancing."발음듣기

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Which for the record, is a beautiful tradition.발음듣기

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Within is a word that basically just means in or inside.발음듣기

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And you can use it literally, you know, to say, "There's a frog within the pond."발음듣기

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Which is maybe a little ponderous but you get the idea.발음듣기

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But if you wanted to get metaphorical, you could say non-literally, "Who can say what is within Ralph's heart?"발음듣기

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Right, and we're not asking, you know, what's the condition of his cardiac muscles, we're not talking about the blood, we're talking about what spiritually or what emotionally is going on inside Ralph.발음듣기

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Without is an interesting one because it kinda has, it used to mean something different.발음듣기

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It used to mean something more akin to outside, but now it has this connotation of just not with.발음듣기

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It's the opposite of with.발음듣기

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"I guess we're going to the Candy Planet without Stu, then."발음듣기

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All right, let's look at two more examples.발음듣기

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So inside basically means the same thing as in, or within.발음듣기

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You can use it much the same way as you would use any of those other two words.발음듣기

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So you could use it literally.발음듣기

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And ask, "What's inside the box?"발음듣기

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But we can also use this kind of interiority as a metaphor and say, "What's inside her mind right now?"발음듣기

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Because the difference between that and the literal sentence is you can open the box, you can't really open someone's mind.발음듣기

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Not physically, anyway.발음듣기

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You could open someone's mind by showing them new foods and movies and books and music and stuff.발음듣기

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But you can't really get inside someone's head unless you're a psychic mind wizard.발음듣기

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Finally, beyond.발음듣기

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And beyond is a preposition that has this connotation of being far away.발음듣기

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Like far away and past some point.발음듣기

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It also has a literal meaning and it has a metaphorical meaning.발음듣기

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So for example, you could say literally, "Beyond those mountains is Terrell's kingdom."발음듣기

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Right, we're using these mountains as like a literal, literal boundary.발음듣기

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Little snow-cap peaks.발음듣기

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And past them is Terrellia.발음듣기

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But you can also use it as a metaphor, we can use this physical relationship as a metaphor.발음듣기

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You can say something like, "This strawberry's flavor is beyond anything I've ever had before."발음듣기

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Right, this is like the world's most delicious strawberry and its taste, its flavor, surpasses, it goes past you know, over the mountains and into Terrellia, that's how delicious it is.발음듣기