How to read a document

127문장 100% 한국어 번역 11명 참여 출처 : 칸아카데미

How to read a document

[Voiceover] Hello David.

[Voiceover] Hello Kim.

[Voiceover] So today what we're doing is taking a look at this speech by one of my favorite Presidents, Franklin Delano Roosevelt which he gave at his inauguration in 1933.

And I think what's really important about looking at a speech like this is not only that we can learn to analyze this as a primary source, which will be helpful for thinking about it historically, but also because I think it's really useful to be able to look at a Presidential speech, or a speech given by any politician, and understand what kind of claims they're making and how they're making them.

[Voiceover] So, Kim, before we go any further, what even is a primary source?

What's the difference between a primary and a secondary source?

[Voiceover] Great question. So a primary source is a document that takes a look at an event from the perspective of someone who was there.

So, a primary source could be lots of things.

It could be a photograph taken by someone who was, perhaps, attending a political rally.

It could be a diary of, maybe, someone who was active in the women's rights movement in the 19th century.

Certainly any speech, or even, let's say, like a oral history conversation, and I've mentioned a lot of significant things here, but it also doesn't even have to be something that is connected with a significant person or a famous event.

It could be a shopping list, right, if you are studying the consumption habits of someone who lived in the 1950's.

What they bought at the grocery store would tell you a lot about what they ate, what they could spend.

So, a primary source is kind of the real meat of research material that shows you what people, at the time, were thinking.

[Voiceover] Okay, so a primary source is an artifact left behind by someone who was there.

[Voiceover] Exactly.

[Voiceover] What is a secondary source?

[Voiceover] So a secondary source is an interpretation.

So, say I'm a historian, which I happen to be.

[Voiceover] Oh my goodness! (laughter)

What a coincidence. (laughter)

[Voiceover] So I have done the work of digging up a bunch of primary sources, and, then, you look at all of them and see what they have in common, for example.

So maybe I'm writing about Abraham Lincoln, and I get a lot of photographs of Lincoln, I get a lot of writings by Lincoln and his contemporaries and I go through all of them and I come up with my interpretation of what was going on in Lincoln's life.

So, I write a book on Lincoln by Kim.

[Voiceover] Until now... (laughter)

[Voiceover] And that's my interpretation.

[Voiceover] Okay.

[Voiceover] Right? So the things that I'm interested in say Lincoln's religion, or lack thereof, might not be the same things that another historian would be interested.

Say, they're interested in Lincoln's foreign policy.

So, my interpretation is just one way of looking at those primary sources where another historian might have a completely different interpretation.

What's also important about secondary sources is that I wasn't there, right?

I never talked to Lincoln.

He, you know, died more than 100 years before I was born, which means that you can only trust me so much.

You can, instead, maybe get a much clearer picture of what Lincoln was really thinking by reading his own words.

[Voiceover] So, trust secondary sources about as far as you can throw them?

[Voiceover] Well, maybe trust all sources about as far as you can throw them, right, because everyone at every time has their own perspective.

And so, the ideas of someone who lived in the 19th century are gonna be different than the ideas of someone who lives now, and you only know as much as you can know, right?

You're only as informed as the information that you have.

So, you really have to take everything with a grain of salt and compare it with other sources from its time period, and other sources later on, to get a sense of what's important.

[Voiceover] So you're saying that you might have a different perspective on Lincoln than another Lincoln scholar, but that Lincoln's writings, themselves, also contain Lincoln's own biases from his lifetime.

[Voiceover] Right.

[Voiceover] Okay, so what are we doing with Roosevelt's Inaugural Address, here?

[Voiceover] All right. So, let's take a look at this Inaugural Address as though we're historians, right?

We're gonna sit down and really get into the...

[Voiceover] The feeling of the Great Depression? (laughter) All right.

[Voiceover] We're gonna get depressed.

[Voiceover] All right, I'm ready.

So we've determined that because he was there and because this is a speech delivered by him, that this speech of Franklin Delano Roosevelt is a primary source.

[Voiceover] Right, and it's a great way to look at the Great Depression, right?

If we want to know what people are thinking about, it's very important to see what the President of the United States has to say when he's been elected.

So David, I know that you've been dying to read this in your terrific impression of Roosevelt, so I'm gonna turn it over to you to get a sense of what Roosevelt has to say.

[Voiceover] Okay, I'm gonna scoot back from the mike.

"I am certain that my fellow Americans expect that on my induction into the Presidency "I will address them with a candor and a decision which the present situation of our people impel.

"This is preeminently the time to speak the truth, "the whole truth, frankly and boldly.

"Nor need we shrink from honestly facing conditions in our country today.

"This great Nation will endure as it has endured, "will revive and will prosper.

"So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself -"

"nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance."

[Voiceover] That was beautiful (laughter).

Thank you so much.

[Voiceover] You're welcome.

[Voiceover] All right. So how do we analyze this as a primary source and as a speech.

And I think the first thing we want to do, step one if you will, is just identify what's going on, and thankfully, that's pretty easy for us, right now.

[Voiceover] Right, this is a speech given by the President of the United States in the moment that he becomes President.

[Voiceover] Right, so we know when it was, in March 4th, 1933.

We know who gave this speech, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, just about to be inducted as President.

We know why he gave it, right, very important for Presidents when they take office to make an Inaugural Address.

So, we've got some basics here.

We can even infer from the Inaugural Address where this was given, right, in Washington D.C.

All right so in our identification, we've got that it's a speech, it's in D.C., happened in 1933, by FDR.

So that's our identification stage.

So to get at a little deeper level for this, let's move on to a second step which would be, kind of giving some context.

So it's 1933. What's going on?

[Voiceover] Let's see. So, the Great Depression has been going on for four years.

[Voiceover] Uh-hmm.

[Voiceover] Prohibition has not ended yet, right?

[Voiceover] Right.

[Voiceover] Repeal has not come, so liquor is still illegal in the United States, for sale and transport. There's massive unemployment.

The Dust Bowl is still raging.

America is not in the greatest place!

[Voiceover] No, it's a depression, and it's a depression in all sorts of ways, right.

People are emotionally depressed and there's an economic depression.

All right, so we've got the general gist now that this is a speech from 1933 confronting the Great Depression.

So let's get into a little bit more of the specifics.

What is he actually talking about in this speech?

[Voiceover] Well, if you look at this speech, you can kind of see that he's acknowledging that things are bad.

[Voiceover] Right.

[Voiceover] Right. It's time to speak the truth.

So he keeps talking about how, you know, "It's time to speak the truth.

"We'll address the American people with candor.

"It is time to speak the truth, the whole truth, "frankly and boldly.

"We will not shrink from honestly facing conditions in the country today."

So Roosevelt is really priming everyone to say, "Like okay, you have not been told the truth from your head of government for the longest time, and now it's time to deal frankly with just how bad things have gotten."

And what's interesting, is that he says, "Things are not, you know, great, but in every dark hour of our National life a leadership of frankness and vigor has met with that understanding and support of the people themselves which is essential to victory."

And he's saying that there's no need to be afraid of anything except just malaise.

He's saying that Americans need to meet the problem of the depression with like an up-welling of national will.

[Voiceover] Right, and I think, you know, it's nice that he's saying, "Look, I'm gonna tell it like it is. "Things are bad.

"I recognize that things are bad."

And that's pretty important, because up until this point, Herbert Hoover hadn't really done much to recognize that things were bad.

You know, he saw that people were suffering, and, yet, he said this is not necessarily the responsibility of government to deal with this crisis.

[Voiceover] So Roosevelt, actually, calls it, "a dark hour of our National life."

Right, like this is an acknowledging that things are not great is a big part of this speech.

But he's also saying that it's possible for us to bounce back if we are honest about the problems, and we address it with vigor, and that is kind of the New Deal, right, is addressing the problems honestly and with national exuberance.

[Voiceover] Yeah, and I think this is such a fascinating speech because, for one thing, this phrase has kind of come into our national lexicon, right.

"There's nothing to fear but fear itself," which is kind of strange.

It's one of those things, like "Have your cake and eat it too."

That you're like, "Wait how is that possible?"

So, what does he mean by, "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself."

[Voiceover] I think he's saying that this is no time to panic, and that the only thing that we should be afraid of is unreasoning terror.

We shouldn't be running around like chickens with our heads cut off.

Right, like this is the time to stand firm against nameless terror and focus on making the problems that we are facing into small, like accessible, combatable chunks.

[Voiceover] I think that another thing that's important about what he's saying there is that the Great Depression is caused by something that is very new in American culture, which is the stock market.

And the stock market doesn't play by the rules of straight supply and demand.

Instead, they play on confidence.

And so, the reason that the stock market crash of 1929 happens is because people stopped having confidence that stocks are worth as much as the stock market says they are.

So, everyone pulls out.

There's a panic, and global banking pretty much collapses.

And that's a really hard thing to deal with, right?

I mean it's not like you're taking your money out of the bank or me taking my money out of the bank at any one time could cause an international depression.

[Voiceover] Right.

[Voiceover] But when there is a large group of people who all get panicked at the same time and take their money out of the banks, the banks fail.

[Voiceover] Right, and so what I think Roosevelt is saying is that we cannot allow a sweeping wave of panic to come over the nation again.

[Voiceover] Exactly.

[Voiceover] So, that's the context for this speech is things are bad.

The reason things are bad is because of this wave of nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror, and "America, I need your support to make sure we don't let that happen again, so we can turn this retreat into an advance."

[Voiceover] In our next video, we'll go more into how we can analyze this source and use it to construct an argument of our own.

번역 0%

How to read a document발음듣기

[Voiceover] Hello David.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Hello Kim.발음듣기

[Voiceover] So today what we're doing is taking a look at this speech by one of my favorite Presidents, Franklin Delano Roosevelt which he gave at his inauguration in 1933.발음듣기

And I think what's really important about looking at a speech like this is not only that we can learn to analyze this as a primary source, which will be helpful for thinking about it historically, but also because I think it's really useful to be able to look at a Presidential speech, or a speech given by any politician, and understand what kind of claims they're making and how they're making them.발음듣기

[Voiceover] So, Kim, before we go any further, what even is a primary source?발음듣기

What's the difference between a primary and a secondary source?발음듣기

[Voiceover] Great question. So a primary source is a document that takes a look at an event from the perspective of someone who was there.발음듣기

So, a primary source could be lots of things.발음듣기

It could be a photograph taken by someone who was, perhaps, attending a political rally.발음듣기

It could be a diary of, maybe, someone who was active in the women's rights movement in the 19th century.발음듣기

Certainly any speech, or even, let's say, like a oral history conversation, and I've mentioned a lot of significant things here, but it also doesn't even have to be something that is connected with a significant person or a famous event.발음듣기

It could be a shopping list, right, if you are studying the consumption habits of someone who lived in the 1950's.발음듣기

What they bought at the grocery store would tell you a lot about what they ate, what they could spend.발음듣기

So, a primary source is kind of the real meat of research material that shows you what people, at the time, were thinking.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Okay, so a primary source is an artifact left behind by someone who was there.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Exactly.발음듣기

[Voiceover] What is a secondary source?발음듣기

[Voiceover] So a secondary source is an interpretation.발음듣기

So, say I'm a historian, which I happen to be.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Oh my goodness! (laughter)발음듣기

What a coincidence. (laughter)발음듣기

[Voiceover] So I have done the work of digging up a bunch of primary sources, and, then, you look at all of them and see what they have in common, for example.발음듣기

So maybe I'm writing about Abraham Lincoln, and I get a lot of photographs of Lincoln, I get a lot of writings by Lincoln and his contemporaries and I go through all of them and I come up with my interpretation of what was going on in Lincoln's life.발음듣기

So, I write a book on Lincoln by Kim.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Until now... (laughter)발음듣기

[Voiceover] And that's my interpretation.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Okay.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Right? So the things that I'm interested in say Lincoln's religion, or lack thereof, might not be the same things that another historian would be interested.발음듣기

Say, they're interested in Lincoln's foreign policy.발음듣기

So, my interpretation is just one way of looking at those primary sources where another historian might have a completely different interpretation.발음듣기

What's also important about secondary sources is that I wasn't there, right?발음듣기

I never talked to Lincoln.발음듣기

He, you know, died more than 100 years before I was born, which means that you can only trust me so much.발음듣기

You can, instead, maybe get a much clearer picture of what Lincoln was really thinking by reading his own words.발음듣기

[Voiceover] So, trust secondary sources about as far as you can throw them?발음듣기

[Voiceover] Well, maybe trust all sources about as far as you can throw them, right, because everyone at every time has their own perspective.발음듣기

And so, the ideas of someone who lived in the 19th century are gonna be different than the ideas of someone who lives now, and you only know as much as you can know, right?발음듣기

You're only as informed as the information that you have.발음듣기

So, you really have to take everything with a grain of salt and compare it with other sources from its time period, and other sources later on, to get a sense of what's important.발음듣기

[Voiceover] So you're saying that you might have a different perspective on Lincoln than another Lincoln scholar, but that Lincoln's writings, themselves, also contain Lincoln's own biases from his lifetime.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Right.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Okay, so what are we doing with Roosevelt's Inaugural Address, here?발음듣기

[Voiceover] All right. So, let's take a look at this Inaugural Address as though we're historians, right?발음듣기

We're gonna sit down and really get into the...발음듣기

[Voiceover] The feeling of the Great Depression? (laughter) All right.발음듣기

[Voiceover] We're gonna get depressed.발음듣기

[Voiceover] All right, I'm ready.발음듣기

So we've determined that because he was there and because this is a speech delivered by him, that this speech of Franklin Delano Roosevelt is a primary source.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Right, and it's a great way to look at the Great Depression, right?발음듣기

If we want to know what people are thinking about, it's very important to see what the President of the United States has to say when he's been elected.발음듣기

So David, I know that you've been dying to read this in your terrific impression of Roosevelt, so I'm gonna turn it over to you to get a sense of what Roosevelt has to say.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Okay, I'm gonna scoot back from the mike.발음듣기

"I am certain that my fellow Americans expect that on my induction into the Presidency "I will address them with a candor and a decision which the present situation of our people impel.발음듣기

"This is preeminently the time to speak the truth, "the whole truth, frankly and boldly.발음듣기

"Nor need we shrink from honestly facing conditions in our country today.발음듣기

"This great Nation will endure as it has endured, "will revive and will prosper.발음듣기

"So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself -"발음듣기

"nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance."발음듣기

[Voiceover] That was beautiful (laughter).발음듣기

Thank you so much.발음듣기

[Voiceover] You're welcome.발음듣기

[Voiceover] All right. So how do we analyze this as a primary source and as a speech.발음듣기

And I think the first thing we want to do, step one if you will, is just identify what's going on, and thankfully, that's pretty easy for us, right now.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Right, this is a speech given by the President of the United States in the moment that he becomes President.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Right, so we know when it was, in March 4th, 1933.발음듣기

We know who gave this speech, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, just about to be inducted as President.발음듣기

We know why he gave it, right, very important for Presidents when they take office to make an Inaugural Address.발음듣기

So, we've got some basics here.발음듣기

We can even infer from the Inaugural Address where this was given, right, in Washington D.C.발음듣기

All right so in our identification, we've got that it's a speech, it's in D.C., happened in 1933, by FDR.발음듣기

So that's our identification stage.발음듣기

So to get at a little deeper level for this, let's move on to a second step which would be, kind of giving some context.발음듣기

So it's 1933. What's going on?발음듣기

[Voiceover] Let's see. So, the Great Depression has been going on for four years.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Uh-hmm.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Prohibition has not ended yet, right?발음듣기

[Voiceover] Right.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Repeal has not come, so liquor is still illegal in the United States, for sale and transport. There's massive unemployment.발음듣기

The Dust Bowl is still raging.발음듣기

America is not in the greatest place!발음듣기

[Voiceover] No, it's a depression, and it's a depression in all sorts of ways, right.발음듣기

People are emotionally depressed and there's an economic depression.발음듣기

All right, so we've got the general gist now that this is a speech from 1933 confronting the Great Depression.발음듣기

So let's get into a little bit more of the specifics.발음듣기

What is he actually talking about in this speech?발음듣기

[Voiceover] Well, if you look at this speech, you can kind of see that he's acknowledging that things are bad.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Right.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Right. It's time to speak the truth.발음듣기

So he keeps talking about how, you know, "It's time to speak the truth.발음듣기

"We'll address the American people with candor.발음듣기

"It is time to speak the truth, the whole truth, "frankly and boldly.발음듣기

"We will not shrink from honestly facing conditions in the country today."발음듣기

So Roosevelt is really priming everyone to say, "Like okay, you have not been told the truth from your head of government for the longest time, and now it's time to deal frankly with just how bad things have gotten."발음듣기

And what's interesting, is that he says, "Things are not, you know, great, but in every dark hour of our National life a leadership of frankness and vigor has met with that understanding and support of the people themselves which is essential to victory."발음듣기

And he's saying that there's no need to be afraid of anything except just malaise.발음듣기

He's saying that Americans need to meet the problem of the depression with like an up-welling of national will.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Right, and I think, you know, it's nice that he's saying, "Look, I'm gonna tell it like it is. "Things are bad.발음듣기

"I recognize that things are bad."발음듣기

And that's pretty important, because up until this point, Herbert Hoover hadn't really done much to recognize that things were bad.발음듣기

You know, he saw that people were suffering, and, yet, he said this is not necessarily the responsibility of government to deal with this crisis.발음듣기

[Voiceover] So Roosevelt, actually, calls it, "a dark hour of our National life."발음듣기

Right, like this is an acknowledging that things are not great is a big part of this speech.발음듣기

But he's also saying that it's possible for us to bounce back if we are honest about the problems, and we address it with vigor, and that is kind of the New Deal, right, is addressing the problems honestly and with national exuberance.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Yeah, and I think this is such a fascinating speech because, for one thing, this phrase has kind of come into our national lexicon, right.발음듣기

"There's nothing to fear but fear itself," which is kind of strange.발음듣기

It's one of those things, like "Have your cake and eat it too."발음듣기

That you're like, "Wait how is that possible?"발음듣기

So, what does he mean by, "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself."발음듣기

[Voiceover] I think he's saying that this is no time to panic, and that the only thing that we should be afraid of is unreasoning terror.발음듣기

We shouldn't be running around like chickens with our heads cut off.발음듣기

Right, like this is the time to stand firm against nameless terror and focus on making the problems that we are facing into small, like accessible, combatable chunks.발음듣기

[Voiceover] I think that another thing that's important about what he's saying there is that the Great Depression is caused by something that is very new in American culture, which is the stock market.발음듣기

And the stock market doesn't play by the rules of straight supply and demand.발음듣기

Instead, they play on confidence.발음듣기

And so, the reason that the stock market crash of 1929 happens is because people stopped having confidence that stocks are worth as much as the stock market says they are.발음듣기

So, everyone pulls out.발음듣기

There's a panic, and global banking pretty much collapses.발음듣기

And that's a really hard thing to deal with, right?발음듣기

I mean it's not like you're taking your money out of the bank or me taking my money out of the bank at any one time could cause an international depression.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Right.발음듣기

[Voiceover] But when there is a large group of people who all get panicked at the same time and take their money out of the banks, the banks fail.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Right, and so what I think Roosevelt is saying is that we cannot allow a sweeping wave of panic to come over the nation again.발음듣기

[Voiceover] Exactly.발음듣기

[Voiceover] So, that's the context for this speech is things are bad.발음듣기

The reason things are bad is because of this wave of nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror, and "America, I need your support to make sure we don't let that happen again, so we can turn this retreat into an advance."발음듣기

[Voiceover] In our next video, we'll go more into how we can analyze this source and use it to construct an argument of our own.발음듣기

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