How to read a document part 2발음듣기
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How to read a document part 2
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[Voiceover] In our last video, we started looking at this speech by Franklin Delanor Roosevelt which he gave at his inauguration in March of 1933.발음듣기
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We took some time to just identify what was happening in this speech and also the context of this speech, coming at the height of the Great Depression.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Now we're gonna dive deeper into our textual analysis and explore the source, figure out what is going on with Roosevelt's language and what he's trying to say and what his biases are.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Let's get a little more into what else goes on in this speech, not just the very famous opening paragraph.발음듣기
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We start here with saying people are facing the grim problem of existence, and a foolish optimist can deny the dark realities of the moment, and then what comes next?발음듣기
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We are stricken by no plague of locusts, compared with the perils which our forefathers conquered, because they believed and were not afraid, we still have much to be thankful for.발음듣기
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Plenty is at our doorstep, but a generous use of it languishes in the very sight of the supply.발음듣기
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Primarily this is because the rulers of the exchange of mankind's goods have failed through their own stubbornness and their own incompetence.발음듣기
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Having admitted their failure and abdicated, practices of the unscrupulous money changers stand indicted in the court of public opinion, rejected by the hearts and minds of man.발음듣기
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What's interesting about this paragraph is that there's a lot of Bible stuff going on in here.발음듣기
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There's a lot of biblical references that serve to do I think a lot of work for Roosevelt in this inaugural address.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] As you talked, I just underlined the things that really stood out to me as maybe kind of the heart of what he was saying, and you're saying these are like Biblical references.발음듣기
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When we're talking about plague of locusts and money changers specifically, we're looking at old and new testament references respectively, in fact, later in this speech, he refers to money changers being chased out of our nation's temple which is a deliberate reference to the New Testament.발음듣기
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We love to hear this speech so much, because it has that kind of ringing of authenticity in a way that maybe a modern speech does not.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Some of that authenticity comes through association with ethic literature and the Bible.발음듣기
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Like the plague of locusts being visited upon Egypt which was like a great and terrible plague, and he's using that as a counter point to the misery of the present moment.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Yeah, I think this is also another one of the really interesting things about the great depression.발음듣기
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It's true that there were farm failures during the dust bowl, but on the whole it's not like people stopped producing food.발음듣기
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What it was was a crisis of confidence where prices went down significantly, and so farmers could not make a living on their crops.발음듣기
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It's that they didn't have money, and I also feel like there's a different aspect to the reason that he uses this biblical language here, and I think that's because it's very authoritative.발음듣기
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When you stand up in front of a group of people and Roosevelt has this powerful voice which really resonates with people, and you speak like a preacher would speak.발음듣기
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This is a man who perhaps is in touch with the moral authority associated with the Christian Bible.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Sure, for a very long time, authority was kind of correlated with your ability to quote chapter and verse.발음듣기
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I mean we're talking about a man who is just put his hand on a Bible in order to swear himself in.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] It really makes him seem not only like he knows what he's talking about, but also that he's got a handle on the situation.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] What we're saying that by harnessing the language, he's trying to harness the authority that people have invested in the church by using the language of the church.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] What we're doing here, I might call step three which is to identify how an argument is made.발음듣기
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We're looking at his rhetorical strategies and seeing how they're effective or in perhaps another case, not effective in conveying his opinion, and I say opinion.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] That it's specific people's fault, that it is at the fault of not just this wave of panic, but on a count of some greedy people, the unscrupulous money changers and the rulers of the exchanges.발음듣기
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There's very little regulation in the 1920s that would prevent the kind of fraud that could lead to a collapse of banking.발음듣기
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For example, insider trading is not illegal, and most people bought stocks on margin which is a terrible idea which means you only have to put 10% of the value of a bond down before you buy it, which means that there's a lot of theoretical money floating around out there that's not backed by much real money.발음듣기
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The nation asks for action, and action now, which it says not only a mention of how he's going to get things done but a covert poke at Herbert Huber for not doing much, and then he says, our greatest primary task is to put people to work.발음듣기
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It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war, but at the same time, through this employment, accomplishing greatly needed projects to stimulate and reorganize the use of our natural resources.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] It is a really radical idea, and this is one reason why historians love to study the great depression and the administration of Franklin Delanor Roosevelt, because this is kind of the decade where we threw out the rulebook, and I think what Roosevelt is saying here is he was willing to try anything to conquer the great depression, and one of the things he tries is bringing the government into the process of giving people work.발음듣기
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Let's say step four is seeing if you can analyze the potential bias of a source, and I wanna be clear that all sources are biased.발음듣기
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I think a common misconception is that if you're looking at a source, it's either biased or it's not.발음듣기
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It's written by someone who has an agenda or someone whose completely impartial, and that is never the case.발음듣기
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If I take a photograph of something or someone, isn't that then objective rendering of that person or object?발음듣기
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[Voiceover] It certainly shows what was there at that moment in time, but even photographers are making choices.발음듣기
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When you pick up a camera and you take a picture of a thing, you are taking a picture of that thing and not something else, which in itself a form of bias to say I think this is important or this is what I want you to see.발음듣기
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And what are some of the perhaps even less obvious factors about why he makes the argument that he does.발음듣기
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There really haven't been many democrats in office since before the Lincoln administration since the 1860s.발음듣기
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This is the popular base rejecting Hoover and the Republican party because of the Great Depression.발음듣기
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He was elected by the majority of American voters, but now he has to make the case to the rest of the United States.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] He's saying that direct recruiting by the government itself, government jobs, having the powers as if the depression were war, that is a case for really strong government intervention which is a key stone of the democratic party compared to Republicans who generally advocate for a smaller government.발음듣기
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The democratic platform of using the government in the economy and in social programs is what's going to work to get us out of this depression.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Exactly, what I think is interesting though here is that there's a lot he doesn't say, and I think that's also important to look at when you're analyzing a primary source.발음듣기
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There's a lot that you could talk about, but you make choices about what to talk about and what not to mention.발음듣기
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This is getting people on board, but no where does he say, okay here's exactly what I'm going to do.발음듣기
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Let me tell you how many dollars I'm going to spend, how many people I'm going to hire, what sort of cabinets I'm going to create.발음듣기
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The last thing we might wanna do with this is now think about how we could use it as a source.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Right, so say that you are sitting down to write an essay about the Great Depression, and you've gotta say, now can I use Franklin Delanor Roosevelt's inaugural address to make my point in my essay?발음듣기
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[Voiceover] I would say that this speech is the frame that Roosevelt is putting on the depression.발음듣기
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This is how he is creating the narrative that he wants Americans to adopt or he is identifying the crisis and this is how he wants people to see it.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Yeah, so this might be a great primary source to tell you about Roosevelt's strategy or his communication strategy.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] It probably wouldn't be a very good primary source for the Republican legislative response.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Right, and it's probably not a great source for really diving into the specifics of the new deal.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] It's I think, a really powerful primary source for understanding the emphasis behind the new deal, but not the programs.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Alright, well thank you for bringing your sweet grammarian skills to the table as we look at Roosevelt's speech.발음듣기
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