Origins of the Cold War발음듣기
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Origins of the Cold War
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[Voiceover] So, a cold war, and in this case it's really, it might be a term that we could debate is a war where the two major combatants never actually fire bullets at each other or drop bombs on each other.발음듣기
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So never in the course of the Cold War did the US ever meet the ground troops with the USSR.발음듣기
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And these are wars that are taking place in other nations, developing nations of the world where the US is supporting one side, generally the pro-capitalist side, and the Soviet Union is supporting the other side, a communist side.발음듣기
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So this is the case in the Korean War in the 1950s, and then definitely the case in the Vietnam War in the 1960s.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So the US and the USSR aren't fighting directly but they're kind of betting on boxing matches, betting on different fighters in the same boxing match.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Yeah, but they're not just betting, they're also putting money and arms where their mouth is.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So now if there are two different fighters in the ring, the US is given the capitalist fighter...feeding him...발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So you've got the capitalist fighter in one corner and he's sweaty and he's beaten, but the US is behind him with a towel and one of those water buckets, splashing water in his face, like "Get in this fight! Get in there!'발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Right. And if necessary, tying up his boxing gloves, maybe giving him a new pair of shoes.발음듣기
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He was Vice President to Franklin Roosevelt, who had been the US's president since 1932, and who tragically died in 1945.발음듣기
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So Truman is really in charge of ending World War II for the United States and also kind of setting up post-war plans.발음듣기
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He makes the decision to drop the atom bomb on Nagasaki and Hiroshima, and he ends the war in both theaters.발음듣기
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And for him, I would say the most important thing that Stalin wanted after World War II was security, shall we say.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And if there's anything that Stalin wants in the post-1945 era, it is not to be invaded by Germany anymore.발음듣기
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He thinks that the best way to make sure that Russians can continue the experiments and the revolution of communism is to have a buffer zone, shall we say, between Russia and the rest of Europe.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And if he does that by kind of shoring up some puppet governments, in what we now call the Eastern Block, these nations that had been taken over by Hitler and then when the Soviet Union joined the war on the side of the Allies, then were retaken over by Russia as they fought Hitler back.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Okay. So a lot of those central European countries like Hungary, and Lithuania, and the former Czechoslovakia, and the former Yugoslavia.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And he had the advantage of having boots on the ground there because he'd beaten back Hitler's invasion, eventually White Russian troops were fighting against Hitler, and American troops who were fighting against Hitler.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Sure. So you've been telling me that the Soviet Union did yeoman's work in containing and basically prosecuting the entire Eastern Front during World War II.발음듣기
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Like they've conquered all of this territory but are they strong enough economically to hold all of it and feed everyone?발음듣기
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They certainly don't have any cash, and they don't have any fuel, which is very worrisome in 1946 because of the terrible winter.발음듣기
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And when people are cold and hungry there is a lot of fuel for a possible revolution, right?.발음듣기
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Even in the 1930s, in the United States, there's a lot of different political ideas that come up during the Great Depression.발음듣기
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Because when your political system isn't working well, you consider other kinds of political systems.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So the United States is worried that, because of the cold winter of 1946, and scarcity across western Europe, this blue part of the map will turn much redder.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Right. So for the United States, they're worried that communism is kind of the child of hunger and poverty.발음듣기
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And they're afraid that because Stalin has so much territory in Europe, that he is really well poised to become "Hitler, part two."발음듣기
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And if they really learned anything from World War II, it's that appeasement doesn't work, right?발음듣기
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During the 1930s, many people in the West, the prime minister of England, Neville Chamberlain, kind of felt like they didn't want to go back to war because World War I is still very much on people's minds during the 1930s.발음듣기
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And so they figured, let's not confront Hitler head on because we're not up for that right now.발음듣기
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And that helped nothing because it just meant that Hitler could gain a whole lot of territory and World War II was much worse than it might have been if they hadn't gone after Hitler earlier.발음듣기
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So they're really trying to say, all right, Stalin, if he wants to, could probably just run his way through the rest of Europe, right, with very little resistance, because the only nation in the world that has the military and economic power to stop the Soviet Union is the United States.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Because their factories and fields were not bombed to cinders during the European theater.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Right. So if they wanna stop "Hitler, part two, the Stalin years," then they're going to have to really stand up for capitalism and also for the kind of material comforts and democratic, what we call, self-determination.발음듣기
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This is one of the most important ideas to come out of the alliance between the United States and Britain, which is that the citizens of a region should have the right to decide their own form of government.발음듣기
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And that's not a wrong assessment because there is a very strong totalitarian control coming out of Moscow and the Soviet Union.발음듣기
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So they say, If we're going to keep Europe from turning all red, all communist, then we're going to need to kind of shore up Europe.발음듣기
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They think of communism as kind of being a little bit like a flood, shall we say, that you gotta, you gotta put sandbags around the edges of communism.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So is the United States and their allies also interested in creating their own kind of light blue buffer zone, also next to the Eastern Block?발음듣기
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[Voiceover] NATO really comes out of an understanding that World War II has not created peace and so the US is going to have to forego their more than a century-long commitment to being isolationist and take a stronger role in the world.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So, okay, for the folks at home, what does NATO stand for? North Atlantic Treaty Organization?발음듣기
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And this is a defensive alliance between, at first, 12 nations, which say that an attack on one will be treated as an attack on all.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Gotcha! Well, that sounds like they're maneuvering their boxers into position and rubbing the shoulders and getting them ready.발음듣기
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And I think one of the tragedies of the post-war era is that maybe things didn't have to be like this?발음듣기
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Right after the US and the USSR had worked together to defeat Hitler, it might have possible for them to coexist peacefully?발음듣기
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But I think they both had the idea that the other economic system, and we're talking about communism and capitalism, were just kind of riddled with internal inconsistencies and that eventually the world would be all capitalist or all communist.발음듣기
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And they were going to have to really marshal all of their resources behind their chosen boxer or they were gonna lose.발음듣기
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