Bitcoin: Overview발음듣기
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Bitcoin: Overview
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[Voiceover] Bitcoin is a new virtual currency system that's been gathering a lot of attention recently, and I thought I would do a series of videos where I really dive into the innards of bitcoin and explain how it works in detail,발음듣기
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and my plan for this first video in this series is to describe some of those mechanics at a high level.발음듣기
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And then what I'll do in subsequent videos is dive a bit deeper into all of the underlying aspects that I have touched upon within this first video.발음듣기
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And my hope is that by the end of this video series, you'll know not only what a bitcoin is, but you'll also understand the mechanics of how transactions are initiated.발음듣기
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You'll see how verification occurs for those transactions, and you'll also learn what it means for someone to really engage in a process known as "bitcoin mining", and that may be a term that you've heard if you've had any interest in bitcoin recently.발음듣기
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It requires some time to really cover all of the relevant details, and to me the best way to really wrap your head around a scheme like bitcoin is to really suspend belief for a bit and get exposed to all of these relevant details.발음듣기
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but my hope is that by the end of this video series, all of the relevant stones will have been overturned and your questions will have been appropriately answered,발음듣기
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but it might take some time to get there, and in part, that's because I'll try to describe things in a way that's sensible and that might involve leaving some details out until I can explain enough pieces of the scheme and then add in those details in as I go along so that you're not inundated with too many minor points and nuances along the way,발음듣기
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First of all, I do want to point out that bitcoin has been described, really, as a decentralized currency because there's no real central bank or entity that's involved in generating or transacting bitcoins,발음듣기
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and, in fact, what happens in the content of a bitcoin is all the transactions really require what's known as a peer-to-peer network, a network of just individual hosts that essentially collectively agree on different aspects of how the protocol is implemented and used.발음듣기
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Bitcoin itself is also referred to sometimes as a cryptocurrency, and by a cryptocurrency, I mean that we use a lot of cryptographic techniques in order to facilitate or to really enable bitcoin transactions to take place, and I'll do separate videos on some of these techniques, but just take it at face value right now, that it's decentralized and is a type of cryptocurrency.발음듣기
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And in many ways, bitcoin transactions don't really resemble traditional coin transactions so much as they represent really entries in some type of a global ledger, and by that, I mean let's say you have a transaction taking place.발음듣기
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And we'll call them Alice and Bob, which are traditional names that are used in many cryptographic protocols to describe the parties involved, and imagine that Alice wants to transfer, or really wants to assign, a certain number of bitcoins that she possesses over to Bob.발음듣기
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And I also want to point out before proceeding that even though I've used terms like Alice and Bob, what I really mean in the context of bitcoin is not the actual identities in the physical sense, but really that Alice and Bob are identities in the bitcoin system, and these identities are just, in actual implementation, are just collections of numbers that do not have to be tied with Alice and Bob's real-world identities.발음듣기
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In that capacity, you can think of bitcoin at any, it really is effectively being, of being pseudonyms, rather than real names, and the idea is that bitcoin really becomes more of a pseudonymous protocol, where people are addressed by their pseudonyms, and that provides some level of privacy to users that want to transact using the bitcoin system.발음듣기
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Now, in a transaction between Alice and Bob, what Alice will basically do is specify a few different numbers.발음듣기
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and let's say she wants to have some number of bitcoins returned back to her, so you have to specify, or Alice has to specify, rather, how much change she's going to get,발음듣기
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so in this case, let's say her change is going to be 18 bitcoins for herself, and then the remaining 2 bitcoins are going to be a transaction fee, and we'll talk about what a transaction fee means a little later,발음듣기
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and I think I'll also dive into it in future videos, but it's basically an incentive for other nodes in the bitcoin network to help Alice in essentially validating some of the details of this transaction for Bob.발음듣기
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Now, Alice will take these transaction details and apply what's known as a digital signature to these transaction details, and a digital signature is basically the mathematical analog of a traditional signature.발음듣기
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And by Alice's identity, again, I mean her identity within the bitcoin system, and this binding is really done in a cryptographically strong way.발음듣기
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Now, the details of this transaction once it takes place, are going to be broadcast out, so Alice is going to take these transaction details and effectively just broadcast them out to all the nodes in the peer-to-peer network that represent bitcoin nodes.발음듣기
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Now, Bob, when he receives information about this transaction, he receives it over the peer-to-peer network.발음듣기
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For example, he might check that the numbers work out correctly, that Alice, let's say, started off with 50 bitcoins and is not trying to transfer more than 50 bitcoins to him, and so on and so forth.발음듣기
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He's going to have some mathematical assurance because of some of the cryptography involved that some of these claims are accurate, that Alice,발음듣기
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let's say, has the bitcoins that she's claimed to possess, and that she's expressed an interest to assign those bitcoins to him, but what he won't know yet is whether Alice has really tried to transfer those same bitcoins to anyone else over the course of time or maybe just prior to that point.발음듣기
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The way that we handle that situation, and by the way, I should point out that this concept of Alice trying to, let's say, spend coins twice, in the context of digital cash and electronic currency systems, this concept is known as double spending, and it's something you have to worry about when you have virtual currencies because it's very easy for someone to just copy the numbers that represent this transaction and try to use them elsewhere.발음듣기
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The way we basically handle and reduce the risk of double spending is through a specific set of nodes in this peer-to-peer network who are known as bitcoin miners.발음듣기
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You might have heard this term bitcoin miners, and the bitcoin miners are basically specific individuals, specific nodes within this peer-to-peer network, and what they basically do is they take all of the transactions that they see, and remember, they're listening to all of these transactions, and not just Alice and Bob's, but other transactions that are taking place,발음듣기
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and they'll take those transactions, and ultimately, they will take those transactions and will compile them into what's known as a transaction block.발음듣기
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If you think of a single transaction let's say, as a ledger item, you could think of a transaction block as representing, let's say, an entire page in a ledger book.발음듣기
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These bitcoin miners will also include in this block, in addition to all these unrecorded transactions, they will also include in this block a special transaction that's meant just for themselves to basically reward themselves for the effort of doing this mining.발음듣기
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so there's going to be some level of continuity, and then bitcoin miners will also include a specially-crafted sequence of numbers associated with these transactions,발음듣기
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and it's called a proof of work because it's something that's really hard to generate, something that requires a lot of effort to do,발음듣기
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and that kind of makes it hard for just anybody to get involved with bitcoin mining willy-nilly,발음듣기
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but it requires that they really exhibit or exert some computational effort, basically in exchange for getting this extra reward of a payment,발음듣기
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and also in exchange for getting this transaction fee that they're going to be promised by Alice to engage in this sort of work.발음듣기
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Now, because each transaction block contains information about previous transactions, really what you end up having is not just a single block.발음듣기
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You ultimately have what you can think of as a chain of transactions, and you can call this a transaction block chain.발음듣기
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The idea is as soon as a bitcoin miner is able to construct a transaction block chain containing all these unrecorded transactions, and this proof of work, it'll broadcast the details of that chain out to all of the nodes, all of the peers on that peer-to-peer network for bitcoin.발음듣기
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And then once the newly-broadcast chain gets kind of verified and meets the right properties, the nodes on the network are just going to go ahead and start using it, and they're going to start appending new transaction blocks to that chain.발음듣기
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They're going to take anything that hasn't yet been processed and start incorporating it into the transaction chain that was broadcast out by the node who came up with the proof of work correctly.발음듣기
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Now, this transaction block chain, really what we're going to be doing in the context of bitcoin is the nodes are only going to consider the transaction block chain that reflects the greatest amount of work to generate its contents, and again, there's this proof of work that I mentioned that is used to kind of determine or identify what the, what work was involved in coming up with the transaction block chain.발음듣기
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There is no bank or no centrally-trusted entity that was actually involved in the transaction.발음듣기
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Hopefully this first video gave you a bit of description, a flavor, if you will, for the high-level mechanics of the bitcoin system.발음듣기
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