Raphael, School of Athens발음듣기
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Raphael, School of Athens
101문장
100% 한국어
번역 3명 참여
출처 : 칸아카데미
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[Voiceover] We're in the very crowded and not very large room called the Stanza della Segnatura that is not only dense with people, but it's dense with imagery.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Painted during the High Renaissance at the same time that Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling just a few doors away.발음듣기
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This room was originally a library, part of the papal apartments, that is the apartments where the Pope lived.발음듣기
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In order to imagine what this room would have looked like at the beginning of the 16th Century, imagine away all of these people and imagine instead the lower walls lined with books.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And also imagine quiet which is hard to do here, and an environment of learning where you could look up at what Raphael painted here on the four walls which are the four branches of human knowledge, philosophy, having to do with things of this world.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] On the opposite wall theology, having to do with issues relating to God and the divine.발음듣기
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So these four areas of human knowledge symbolized by allegorical figures that we see on the ceiling, and it's so clear that a few doors away is Michelangelo because Raphael is clearly looking at Michelangelo's figures on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel especially the prophets and the Sybils.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And think about what it means for theology to be presented equally with human knowledge.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] When humanist's classical learning can be united with the teachings of the church.발음듣기
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In the center of the School of Athens, the frescoe that represents philosophy, we have the two great philosophers from antiquity in the center Plato and Aristotle surrounded by other great thinkers and philosophers and mathematicians from antiquity.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Virtually, every known great figure, but let's start with the two in the center.발음듣기
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Plato was, in fact, Aristotle's teacher, but also because he holds one of his own books, the Timaeus.발음듣기
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Plato was known for being interested in the ethereal, the theoretical, that which could not be seen, and, in fact, we see him pointing upward.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] This idea that the world of appearances is not the final truth, that there is a realm that is based on mathematics, on pure idea that is more true than the everyday world that we see.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Whereas, Aristotle, his student, focused his attention on the observable, the actual, the physical.발음듣기
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You'll notice that his palm is down, and he seems to be saying, "No, no, no, let's pay attention to what is here."발음듣기
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[Voiceover] In fact, if you look at the colors that each of the figures wear, they refer to this division.발음듣기
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Plato wears red and purple, the purple referring to the ether what we would call the air, the red to fire, neither of which have weight.발음듣기
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Aristotle wears blue and brown that is the colors of earth and water which have gravity, which have weight.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So the philosophers on either side of Plato and Aristotle continue this division.발음듣기
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For example, on the lower left we see Pythagoras the great ancient mathematician who discovered laws of harmony in music, in mathematics.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Compare that to the lower right where we see Euclid, the figure we associate with geometry.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Euclid is modeled actually on a friend of Raphael's and that's Bramante the great architect asked by Pope Julius II to provide a new model for a new Saint Peter's.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And in fact, appropriate to his reincarnation here as Euclid, Bramante's design for Saint Peter's was based on a perfect geometry of circles and squares.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And is really visible in the architecture that Raphael constructed for the School of Athens.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And we can see representations of classical sculpture in the niches on the left, that is on the platonic side.발음듣기
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We see Apollo, the God of the Sun, the God of Music, the God of Poetry, things that would be appropriate to the platonic.발음듣기
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In turn on the right, we see Athena, the God of War and Wisdom, who presumably is involved in the more practical affairs of man.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] All of this seems to me to be a place that is the opposite of the Medieval where knowledge was something that was passed down by authority and one had to accept it.발음듣기
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But here, on the walls of the papal apartments, we get this image of sharing knowledge and the history of the accumulation of knowledge all with figures who move beautifully who in their bodies represent a gracefulness that is a reflection of their inner wisdom and knowledge.발음듣기
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The only identifiers are perhaps the titles of the books that both Plato and Aristotle hold, and so we're meant to understand who these figures are through their movement, through their dress.발음듣기
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Now, the artist has parted both groups to the left and the right so that the middle foreground is fairly empty.발음듣기
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He wants the linear perspective at the bottom of the painting to balance the strong orthogonals at the top of the painting.발음듣기
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He wants to make way for the advancement of Plato and Aristotle as they walk down the stairs, but we also have two figures in the foreground in the middle.발음듣기
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We have Diogenes, and most interestingly, we have the ancient philosopher, Heraclitus, who seems to be writing and thinking quietly by himself.발음듣기
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In fact, his features are those of the great artist Michelangelo known for his rather lonely and brooding personality.발음듣기
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Raphael has painted him here in the same pose as the prophet Isaiah on the Sistine ceiling although Isaiah looks up, and here Michelangelo's Heraclitus decidedly looks down.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And so it's so interesting that Raphael is paying homage to Michelangelo the great artist here personifying Heraclitus, the philosopher who believed that all things were always in flux.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] That's the young figure looking directly out at us in a black cap, and standing among some of the most important astronomers of all time.발음듣기
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Here the artist is considered an intellectual on par with some the greatest thinkers in history, who can express these important ideas.발음듣기
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My favorite two figures are the ones just behind Euclid, one leaning against the wall with his leg crossed over the other who's hurrying and writing some notes.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] I think it's a scene you could see walking along the hallway of any college or university.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] For all the free movement of the figures, the architecture itself is using a linear perspective in a rigorous way.발음듣기
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You can follow the orthogonal either in the pavement, or in the cornices as they recede back.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Look at the way that the decoration of the Greek meander seems as if it goes back in space.발음듣기
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What's interesting though is if this architecture is harking back to any ancient tradition, it's harking back to the Roman tradition not to the Greek's who would never use barrel vaults in this way.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Nearby, Bramante, Raphael, Michelangelo could see the Baths of Caracalla, or the Basilica of Manutius and Constantine.발음듣기
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There was Roman architectural ruins all over the city that resembled what Raphael has painted here.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] It's so extraordinary that we're celebrating here, the Pantheon of great pagan thinkers.발음듣기
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Let's take a quick look at the frescoes that's opposite the School of Athens known as the Dispute.발음듣기
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Below him, Christ in this marvelous full-body halo, or mandorla, and he's surrounded by the Virgin Mary on his right, and St. John the Baptist on his left.발음듣기
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Just below, a dove against another gold disk, and this is the Holy Spirit, so all three together are the Trinity.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] On either side of the dove are the four books of the gospels, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, that tell the story of the life of Christ.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And then another circle below contains the host, or the bread that is miraculously the body of Christ during the Mass.발음듣기
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We can see how separated heaven and earth are in this fresco, and how important that link is.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] The figures along the bottom are Popes, and Bishops, and Cardinals, and members of various religious orders.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] The fathers of the church, we can make out a portrait of Dante, the great Medieval poet.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] We have a sense of the figures on the bottom of the frescoe, coming to divine knowledge through the miracle of the host, and two figures on either end seem to be moving away from that divine knowledge.발음듣기
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