Justinian and the Byzantine Empire발음듣기
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Justinian and the Byzantine Empire
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[Instructor] In previous videos, we talk about how as we exit the fourth century, in the 390s the emperor Theodosius, he actually splits the Roman Empire.발음듣기
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But as we enter into the fifth century there is an official split between the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire.발음듣기
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Now, one thing to keep in mind sometimes when we talk about the fall of the west it somehow implies that there's no governance left or there's no kingdoms left.발음듣기
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One of the reasons why the Western Roman Empire fell is repeated attacks by Germanic tribes and after the Western Roman Empire was gone the Germanic tribes, for the most part, took over.발음듣기
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But eventually you have rule especially as we get into the late fifth century you have the Ostrogoth Kingdom, Ostrogoth's the Eastern Goths, the Eastern Germanic tribes.발음듣기
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Here in the Iberian peninsula, you have the Visigoths the Western Goths, yet another Germanic tribe.발음듣기
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Once again, all of these are Germanic kingdoms that took over, where before you had the Western Roman Empire.발음듣기
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Now, as you can see from this map and we've talked about it in previous videos it was only the Western Roman Empire that fell and fragmented and, for the most part came into the hands of these Germanic tribes.발음듣기
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The Eastern Empire continues on and it's often known as the Byzantine Empire with its capital at Constantinople.발음듣기
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Now, what we'll see is that the Byzantine Empire lasts for almost another 1,000 years but its importance in the region diminishes for most of that period.발음듣기
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He comes into power with the help of his uncle who's the previous Emperor Justin and Justinian is able to regain much of the land that was lost to the Germanic tribes.발음듣기
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Over the course of Justinian's reign as you can see, they're able to retake the Italian peninsula and much of North Africa.발음듣기
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Now, things weren't always easy for Justinian and they are very difficult at the beginning of his rule and they get hard near the end of his rule as well.발음듣기
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It all starts around chariot racing and the different groups or gangs that support the different chariot racing teams but it eventually becomes an all-out revolt against Justinian.발음듣기
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And many of Justinian's advisors including Justinian himself they're afraid that they're gonna be overthrown and killed and they think about fleeing Constantinople.발음듣기
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And at that point, his wife Empress Theodora stands up and becomes a very important actor in history.발음듣기
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She has her famous speech at the point in time when Justinian and his advisors were thinking about fleeing fear of death.발음듣기
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The present occasion is too serious to allow me to follow the convention that a woman should not speak in a man's council.발음듣기
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Those whose interests are threatened by extreme danger should think only of the wisest course of action not of conventions.발음듣기
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It is impossible for a person having been born into this world, not to die but for one who has reigned it is intolerable to be a fugitive.발음듣기
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May I never be deprived of this purple robe the purple robe signifying royalty, being an empress and may I never see the day when those who meet me do not call me empress.발음듣기
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If you wish to save yourself so she's talking to Justinian and Justinian's advisors if you wish to save yourself, my lord there is no difficulty.발음듣기
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Yet reflect for a moment whether when you have once escaped to a place of security you would not gladly exchange such safety for death.발음듣기
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So, she's saying I would rather die as an empress than try to be a fugitive and just try to live my life, the rest of my life somehow comfortably.발음듣기
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And she's able to convince Justinian and they're able to put down the uprising quite brutally killing 30,000 of the people who are rising up against them.발음듣기
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Now, during that uprising, much of Constantinople is burned, including the main church, the Hagia Sophia and it was under Justinian's rule that the Hagia Sophia gets rebuilt.발음듣기
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You might recognize the word Sophia from philosophy which literally means friend of wisdom, philosophia.발음듣기
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Now, perhaps what Justinian is most famous for is his attempt to better codify a set of laws.발음듣기
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The Roman Empire, of course, always had laws but Justinian got legal experts to go and collect the laws of the land to make them consistent to throw out the laws that are inconsistent to add new laws as necessary.발음듣기
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And they would have an influence on the Byzantine Empire for the next 900 years and even some influence on some relatively modern schools of law.발음듣기
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Now, as I've mentioned before the reign of Justinian is considered really the high point of the Byzantine Empire.발음듣기
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And even as we get into roughly the second half of his reign things start to slide downward and over the next 900 years, are just in a state of decline.발음듣기
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Some accounts I've seen show that roughly 40% of Constantinople dies significant chunk of the population of the Byzantine Empire dies.발음듣기
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And that makes it more susceptible to attack from the various Germanic tribes throughout Justinian's reign.발음듣기
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And well after Justinian's reign there's constant tension and often conflict between the Sassanid Persians in the east.발음듣기
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And then, as we go further on especially as we get into the seventh and eighth century you have the rise of Islam.발음듣기
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Early Islamic empires are able to take over the Sassanids and significantly eat into the Byzantine Empire and then even some of the Germanic kingdoms in the Iberian peninsula.발음듣기
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And if we go further on, we see this once again gradual decline continue on where you have further invasions into the Byzantine Empire from Turkish Muslim kingdoms.발음듣기
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