Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2

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Great Schism or East-West Schism part 2발음듣기

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[Instructor] Now, the notion of the Holy Roman Emperor and the Holy Roman Empire does not last much beyond Charlemagne.발음듣기

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After his death, over the course of the ninth century his empire is broken up, his successors are not able to carry on the title.발음듣기

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But then we get into the 10th century.발음듣기

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As you can see here, the empire of Charlemagne is now broken up.발음듣기

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The West Francia, starting to resemble modern-day France, not quite exactly.발음듣기

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And the eastern two thirds are now under the control of Otto, a German king.발음듣기

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And because of his ability to offer protection and frankly just his power, he is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.발음듣기

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One of the reasons why this is significant once again, it's saying, hey, the Byzantine Emperor isn't really the heir to the Roman Empires.발음듣기

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This Holy Roman Emperor, but Otto is able to create a line of Holy Roman Emperors that continues all the way until 1806 when they are conquered by Napoleon Bonaparte.발음듣기

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Now, the Holy Roman Empire itself and Voltaire famously said, "It is neither holy nor Roman, nor an Empire."발음듣기

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Over various days in its history is fragmented.발음듣기

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It's many kingdoms with different levels of autonomy.발음듣기

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But under Otto, it was quite unified.발음듣기

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Now as we get into the 11th century the divide between East and West becomes even more pronounced.발음듣기

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We've already talked about this ongoing power struggle between West and East, between which bishops have primacy over Christendom.발음듣기

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We've talked about, hey, who is the real heir to the Roman Empire?발음듣기

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We've talked about Latin versus Greek.발음듣기

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We've talked about the Germanic kings having influence now, and really following the West.발음듣기

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We've talked about the notion of for-lo-quay.발음듣기

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And those aren't all of the issues.발음듣기

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On top of that, you have this notion of leavened and unleavened bread.발음듣기

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Where in the West, in their mass, when they are consecrating the bread to be viewed as the body of Christ.발음듣기

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They used unleavened bread based on the belief that this is what Christ used during the Last Supper.발음듣기

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In the East, they said no, we have agreed to use leavened bread.발음듣기

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And so this is one further tension.발음듣기

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Even more than the actual issues are the sense of, "Well, why do you think you have the right to tell me what to do~?"발음듣기

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And as we get into 1053, you have what are known as the Latin churches in Constantinople being shut down by the patriarch of Constantinople.발음듣기

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Patriarch Cerularius, or Carry-u-larius.발음듣기

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Saying that, "Hey, these guys are going against what is actually acceptable in Christianity."발음듣기

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Now in retaliation, you have Pope Leo IX shutting down what would be known as Greek churches and how they practice in the Italian Peninsula.발음듣기

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Either closing them down or forcing them to practice the way the Latins practice.발음듣기

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Now there's a whole complicated series of events as we go into 1053 and 1054.발음듣기

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Letters are sent back and forth.발음듣기

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Eventually, Pope Leo IX sends a delegation to Constantinople.발음듣기

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Part of it is to see if they can coordinate against Norman conquerors on the Italian Peninsula.발음듣기

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But part of it is also to make clear what Pope Leo IX believes, that, "Hey, you have no right to criticize us about this unleavened bread.발음듣기

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You don't have authority over us.발음듣기

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I am the pope in Rome.발음듣기

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I have the seat of Peter, first amongst apostles."발음듣기

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And the leader of the delegation is a particularly proud and principled individual.발음듣기

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When they go to Constantinople Patriarch Cerularius doesn't even meet them.발음듣기

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Essentially he's rebuffing their demands.발음듣기

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And so because of that, that delegation decides to excommunicate Cerularius the Patriarch of Constantinople.발음듣기

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The leader of what is now the most important church in the East.발음듣기

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Remember, the other significant centers of Christianity are now under Muslim rule.발음듣기

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Well, in retaliation to that, Patriarch Cerularius says, "Hey, you can't excommunicate me. In fact, I'm going to excommunicate you."발음듣기

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And he excommunicates the delegation.발음듣기

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Excommunication says, "I am saying you are no longer part of the church."발음듣기

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Now, when all of these cross excommunications are happening, many people probably viewed this as, "Hey, this is just a power struggle between folks, probably not a big deal."발음듣기

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But remember, this is over centuries of increasing division.발음듣기

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Not only do you have language division in the West, you have a leaning towards these Germanic kingdoms.발음듣기

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In the East, they say, "Hey, we are the real Roman Empire."발음듣기

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You have these issues of for-lo-quay, and other things.발음듣기

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And this event in 1054 eventually gets known as the Great Schism, or the East-West Schism because it only gets further and further cemented.발음듣기

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And they get only further and further apart.발음듣기

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As you get to the end of the 11th century the Crusades begin.발음듣기

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And we'll do more videos detailing the Crusades.발음듣기

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Where the Western kings start sending folks at first on the surface to try to help the Byzantines reconquer land from the Muslim empires.발음듣기

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But even when they are successful they don't give that land back to the Byzantines.발음듣기

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They actually set up Crusader kingdoms.발음듣기

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And as they make their way through the Byzantine Empire they cause, for the most part, a bit of a stir.발음듣기

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They're not particularly respectful through the lands that they pass.발음듣기

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And it really comes to a point in 1204 where at the end of the fourth Crusade the Crusaders actually decide.발음듣기

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Even though the purpose was arguably to reclaim land from the Muslims the Crusaders decide to siege and sack Constantinople itself and take over.발음듣기

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Now a few decades later, the Byzantine nobility is able to retake it.발음듣기

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But that kind of cements the difference between the Latin and the Greek church.발음듣기

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Known today as the Catholic Church followed by roughly one and a half billion people and the Eastern Orthodox Church, followed by roughly 250 million people.발음듣기

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