Human migration: Sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific발음듣기
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Human migration: Sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific
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출처 : 칸아카데미
Human migration: Sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific
[Narrator] In this video, I wanna explore the question of what impact does the environment have on human migration.
We have a couple specific examples here and before we dig into those, I want to make a few broader points about the environment as a historical factor.
The first of those is simply that the environment does have impacts on what people are able to do on how and where they're able to move.
We might be looking at is the climate suitable for practicing agriculture?
Food production is such an important part of human movement and human survival in new environments.
We might look at transportation.
In the Pacific Ocean, for example getting from island to island requires that you have technology that allows you to travel over the ocean for long distances.
The second point to consider, more broadly is that human beings, when they move to new areas tend to have impacts on the environment.
If they're bringing new plants or new animals to a place where they haven't previously existed that's going to have some impacts on the new place.
Finally, this isn't to say that the environment is wholly explanatory of why history played out the way it did, but we also don't want to dismiss the environment as a potential explanatory factor.
With those bigger points in mind let's start by looking at a specific example in Africa known as the Bantu migration, or, more often the Bantu expansion into sub-Saharan Africa.
When I say sub-Saharan Africa that's just the region of Africa that is south of the Sahara desert, and I'll shade that in here so that you can see where I'm talking about.
Next, what I have is an overlay in yellow that shows the areas of Africa where a Bantu language is the predominant language spoken.
The question that raises is why does so much of sub-Saharan Africa speak a Bantu language?
There aren't any written records of Bantu speakers and how they moved and what they were thinking when they did move.
But there is evidence in terms of how the languages relate to one another and there's also archeological evidence.
One of the helpful things about studying the Bantu Expansion is that from about 500, 400 B.C. on they were using iron tools.
They had iron-making technology and those tools, around with pottery that's distinctive to Bantu-speaking cultures can help archeologists trace how Bantu speakers spread throughout Africa over time.
Linguists who have studied how these languages relate to one another and archeologists who have looked at evidence of how Bantu speakers migrated and moved throughout Africa are fairly confident that they originated somewhere here in west Africa.
And from there spread to the south, as well as to the east over to what's known as the Great Lakes Region of Africa.
Then, from there, farther south again.
That tells us how people moved through Africa.
What pattern did they follow?
The next question we wanna try and figure out the answer to is why did they migrate to the places that they did?
One thing that we know about Bantu-speaking peoples is that they tended to have fairly consistent and common agricultural practices.
Among the crops that they were growing were millet and sorghum.
Once they got to the great lakes region and started moving south, you also see them adopting cattle herding.
Pictures of the cattle that they would've probably had here.
What these crops and these cattle have in common all of them tend to thrive in what's known as a tropical savanna, or a semi-tropical savanna climate.
Sub-Saharan Africa, with the exception of this rainforest region here and this high desert down in the south is largely tropical, or semi-tropical, savanna.
When we put the overlay back up of where Bantu-speakers are the majority, we can see that sort of corresponds with those climate variations.
You see them populate really all of the areas that are favorable to their agricultural practices.
That should make sense.
If we think about migration as a risk-reward calculation you need to make sure that any place that you're migrating to is gonna be able to provide you with food.
To bring that back to our big theme of how does environment impact migration we really see in the Bantu Expansion the role of climate affecting what kind of agriculture is possible.
And that determines what areas look attractive for migration.
The next region we want to look at the next migration we want to study is that of people moving throughout the Pacific Islands.
You can see the path this migration probably took here.
When we talk about expansion in the Pacific we're looking at something somewhat similar to the Bantu Expansion in Africa and that, again.
We don't have any written records from the people who moved here so again, we're relying on linguistic, or language-based evidence, as well as archeological evidence.
This evidence helps us sort of divide up the Pacific into three distinct regions.
We have what's called Melanesia in blue and Micronesia in red, and Polynesia in purple.
Again, these are all people who were originally speaking some sort of Austronesian language very similar culturally, but they can look at how there have been small changes in cultural artifacts changes in languages.
Even in the genetics of the people and the animals in different regions of the Pacific to kind of get a sense of where they were at what time, and that gives us this probable route of migration that we saw.
Thinking again about environment impacting this migration into the Pacific Ocean there are a couple of important factors.
The first and obvious one is that getting across large stretches of ocean is going to pose a difficulty; it's an obstacle.
The way that people overcame this obstacle in the Pacific was they came up with better sailing technology.
I can pull up here a picture of a re-creation of a catamaran.
This technology was really important for traveling long distances in the ocean because, to get out in the open ocean you need a sturdy, a durable ship that's gonna hold up to wind and waves.
Even though this is a modern re-creation it gives us a good sense of what the technology was like.
You can see how that would be a more durable craft than, say, a canoe by itself.
This allows people to travel between islands.
The other issue, environmentally speaking that poses an obstacle to expansion in the Pacific is that a lot of these islands are really small.
You're probably noticing that some of them are quite difficult to see on the satellite image and they don't have a lot of arable or farmable, land on them.
And so they can't support large populations and this is probably one reason why there is continued expansion in the Pacific over a long period of time is because the islands themselves can't support very large populations.
If a population grows to a certain point some people have to leave.
To deal with this fact that the islands didn't provide a lot of natural food people would bring their own food supplies with them.
They'd bring things like sweet potatoes and yams and taro root, and they would bring animals as well so chickens.
And you have a picture here this is what's called a Southeast Asian red jungle fowl and it's the precursor to domestic chickens.
It can give you a sense of what some of these chickens probably looked like.
They brought pigs.
They also had a small breed of dog.
The dog breed is extinct now but we have some pictures that were drawn by some early European explorers of the Pacific.
People would bring these items with them.
They'd bring these animals with them onto these new islands.
They would grow the crops.
They would raise the animals and use them as a food source.
To go back to our original list of big takeaways, this gets into this idea of environmental impact of bringing these new plants and animals.
What happens is that people bring these plants they bring these animals that are not native to these islands onto these islands and use them.
They farm them; they raise them for food.
And in most cases, people are able to sort of strike a balance of maintaining a food supply with these crops and animals that they've brought and not destroying the island environment because, obviously, that would have consequences for their ability to continue to live there.
Hopefully, it's clear at this point that environment definitely played a role in these migrations, in these expansions.
Certainly, this isn't only about environmental factors but in both cases, it would be very difficult to explain what happened if you didn't include these environmental factors.
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[Narrator] In this video, I wanna explore the question of what impact does the environment have on human migration.발음듣기
대기중
We have a couple specific examples here and before we dig into those, I want to make a few broader points about the environment as a historical factor.발음듣기
대기중
The first of those is simply that the environment does have impacts on what people are able to do on how and where they're able to move.발음듣기
대기중
Food production is such an important part of human movement and human survival in new environments.발음듣기
대기중
In the Pacific Ocean, for example getting from island to island requires that you have technology that allows you to travel over the ocean for long distances.발음듣기
대기중
The second point to consider, more broadly is that human beings, when they move to new areas tend to have impacts on the environment.발음듣기
대기중
If they're bringing new plants or new animals to a place where they haven't previously existed that's going to have some impacts on the new place.발음듣기
대기중
Finally, this isn't to say that the environment is wholly explanatory of why history played out the way it did, but we also don't want to dismiss the environment as a potential explanatory factor.발음듣기
대기중
With those bigger points in mind let's start by looking at a specific example in Africa known as the Bantu migration, or, more often the Bantu expansion into sub-Saharan Africa.발음듣기
대기중
When I say sub-Saharan Africa that's just the region of Africa that is south of the Sahara desert, and I'll shade that in here so that you can see where I'm talking about.발음듣기
대기중
Next, what I have is an overlay in yellow that shows the areas of Africa where a Bantu language is the predominant language spoken.발음듣기
대기중
There aren't any written records of Bantu speakers and how they moved and what they were thinking when they did move.발음듣기
대기중
But there is evidence in terms of how the languages relate to one another and there's also archeological evidence.발음듣기
대기중
One of the helpful things about studying the Bantu Expansion is that from about 500, 400 B.C. on they were using iron tools.발음듣기
대기중
They had iron-making technology and those tools, around with pottery that's distinctive to Bantu-speaking cultures can help archeologists trace how Bantu speakers spread throughout Africa over time.발음듣기
대기중
Linguists who have studied how these languages relate to one another and archeologists who have looked at evidence of how Bantu speakers migrated and moved throughout Africa are fairly confident that they originated somewhere here in west Africa.발음듣기
대기중
And from there spread to the south, as well as to the east over to what's known as the Great Lakes Region of Africa.발음듣기
대기중
The next question we wanna try and figure out the answer to is why did they migrate to the places that they did?발음듣기
대기중
One thing that we know about Bantu-speaking peoples is that they tended to have fairly consistent and common agricultural practices.발음듣기
대기중
Once they got to the great lakes region and started moving south, you also see them adopting cattle herding.발음듣기
대기중
What these crops and these cattle have in common all of them tend to thrive in what's known as a tropical savanna, or a semi-tropical savanna climate.발음듣기
대기중
Sub-Saharan Africa, with the exception of this rainforest region here and this high desert down in the south is largely tropical, or semi-tropical, savanna.발음듣기
대기중
When we put the overlay back up of where Bantu-speakers are the majority, we can see that sort of corresponds with those climate variations.발음듣기
대기중
You see them populate really all of the areas that are favorable to their agricultural practices.발음듣기
대기중
If we think about migration as a risk-reward calculation you need to make sure that any place that you're migrating to is gonna be able to provide you with food.발음듣기
대기중
To bring that back to our big theme of how does environment impact migration we really see in the Bantu Expansion the role of climate affecting what kind of agriculture is possible.발음듣기
대기중
The next region we want to look at the next migration we want to study is that of people moving throughout the Pacific Islands.발음듣기
대기중
When we talk about expansion in the Pacific we're looking at something somewhat similar to the Bantu Expansion in Africa and that, again.발음듣기
대기중
We don't have any written records from the people who moved here so again, we're relying on linguistic, or language-based evidence, as well as archeological evidence.발음듣기
대기중
Again, these are all people who were originally speaking some sort of Austronesian language very similar culturally, but they can look at how there have been small changes in cultural artifacts changes in languages.발음듣기
대기중
Even in the genetics of the people and the animals in different regions of the Pacific to kind of get a sense of where they were at what time, and that gives us this probable route of migration that we saw.발음듣기
대기중
Thinking again about environment impacting this migration into the Pacific Ocean there are a couple of important factors.발음듣기
대기중
The first and obvious one is that getting across large stretches of ocean is going to pose a difficulty; it's an obstacle.발음듣기
대기중
The way that people overcame this obstacle in the Pacific was they came up with better sailing technology.발음듣기
대기중
This technology was really important for traveling long distances in the ocean because, to get out in the open ocean you need a sturdy, a durable ship that's gonna hold up to wind and waves.발음듣기
대기중
Even though this is a modern re-creation it gives us a good sense of what the technology was like.발음듣기
대기중
The other issue, environmentally speaking that poses an obstacle to expansion in the Pacific is that a lot of these islands are really small.발음듣기
대기중
You're probably noticing that some of them are quite difficult to see on the satellite image and they don't have a lot of arable or farmable, land on them.발음듣기
대기중
And so they can't support large populations and this is probably one reason why there is continued expansion in the Pacific over a long period of time is because the islands themselves can't support very large populations.발음듣기
대기중
To deal with this fact that the islands didn't provide a lot of natural food people would bring their own food supplies with them.발음듣기
대기중
They'd bring things like sweet potatoes and yams and taro root, and they would bring animals as well so chickens.발음듣기
대기중
And you have a picture here this is what's called a Southeast Asian red jungle fowl and it's the precursor to domestic chickens.발음듣기
대기중
The dog breed is extinct now but we have some pictures that were drawn by some early European explorers of the Pacific.발음듣기
대기중
To go back to our original list of big takeaways, this gets into this idea of environmental impact of bringing these new plants and animals.발음듣기
대기중
What happens is that people bring these plants they bring these animals that are not native to these islands onto these islands and use them.발음듣기
대기중
And in most cases, people are able to sort of strike a balance of maintaining a food supply with these crops and animals that they've brought and not destroying the island environment because, obviously, that would have consequences for their ability to continue to live there.발음듣기
대기중
Hopefully, it's clear at this point that environment definitely played a role in these migrations, in these expansions.발음듣기
대기중
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