Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires발음듣기
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Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires
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출처 : 칸아카데미
Comparing Roman and Byzantine Empires
[Instructor] We already have several videos talking about the Byzantine Empire which is really just the continuation of the Roman Empire after its fall and they even call themselves the Roman Empire.
But I wanna do in this video is a bit of a deep dive to make sure we understand the different elements of continuity.
And change between what we consider the Roman Empire when it was one unified western and eastern Roman Empire.
And then what we later call the Byzantine Empire, so what was the same between them and then what changed over time?
So let's just do a review, this is what things look like at around the year 400.
As you can see from an administrative point of view even though it was considered one empire.
It was already being governed separately the west being governed from Rome the east being governed from Constantinople.
And most historians mark the beginning of the Byzantine Empire with the rule of Constantine, who moves the capital to Byzantium, it gets renamed Constantinople.
But as we've talked about in multiple videos in 476, you have the fall of the western Roman Empire and the west becomes fragmented, a bunch of various Germanic kingdoms.
But the eastern Roman Empire with its capital at Constantinople, continues.
And once again, they did not call themselves the Byzantines they called themselves the Romans they called themselves the Roman Empire.
It was only much later that historians tried to separate this period of the Roman Empire by calling it the Byzantine Empire.
There is a bit of a resurgence under Justinian he's able to capture significant portions of the west including the Italian peninsula.
But then over time the Byzantine Empire contracts, especially in the east it has to contend with the spread of Islam.
As we go even further in time, as we enter into the second millennium, we can see that the Muslim Turks make further inroads into the Byzantine Empire.
Also during the Fourth Crusades western crusaders sack Constantinople.
And we can go all the way to 1453 where all that was left at the time of the Byzantine Empire.
Or you could say the eastern Roman Empire is Constantinople and in 1453, that also gets sacked by the Ottomans.
And that's the official end of the Byzantine Empire the eastern Roman Empire, which you can see continues on for another 1000 years after the fall of the western Roman Empire.
Now with that review out of the way let's think about how the Byzantine Empire was the same and different from the Roman Empire.
So first let's think about the center of power.
Well the Roman Empire is named after its seat of power during the great majority of its history.
The seat of power of the Roman Empire is Rome.
Near the end of the western Roman Empire it becomes Ravenna.
And of course we talk about Constantine changing the capital to Byzantium which eventually became Constantinople.
And that's the official start of at least the roots of the Byzantine Empire although Constantine was emperor of both.
It's fair to say that Rome was the capital of the Roman Empire from its early days as a kingdom all the way until the first several centuries of the common era.
The roots of the Byzantine Empire are with Constantine changing the capital, the seat of power of the combined empire and moving it from Rome to Byzantium which will eventually be called Constantinople.
Now let's think about language.
So the language of the Roman Empire is Latin.
In the early days of the Byzantine Empire Latin is used in conjunction with Greek but over time, it becomes more Greek.
In fact, Heraclius in the seventh century makes Greek the official language of the Byzantine Empire.
Now religion, for most of Roman history their religion is the Roman Pantheon.
Now near the end of what is called the Roman Empire when Constantine comes around in the early fourth century Christianity gets legalized.
And Theodosius who is the last emperor to rule over both east and west he makes Christianity the official religion.
Since the eastern Roman Empire's roots, the Byzantine empire's roots are considered to be with Constantine.
It has a Christian nature from the beginning and it only becomes more and more Christian over time.
In other videos, we will talk about the eventual spiritual split between east and west, the Latin Christian church and the Greek Christian church.
And they're going to diverge more and more as we go into the year 1054 when there is the official Great Schism.
In terms of law, the Roman Empire has a long tradition of law and I guess we could just call it the Roman law.
In fact, so profound has its influence been on western civilization that many of our legal terms today come from Latin.
What historians would consider the Byzantine Empire would continue Roman law, much of it written in Latin.
Justinian would famously try to reform Roman law make it more consistent, make it more clear.
Justinian's code.
And you have the emperor Leo III has the famous Ecloga but as you have these revisions.
And these reformations of Roman law, they are more and more written in Greek than Latin and they do have more and more of a Christian influence.
In terms of governance, especially under the Roman Empire the notion of a province was the main subdivision under which the empire was governed.
Once you have Emperor Dioclesian come onto the scene and this is shortly before the time of Constantine he reformed it.
And he set up what is known as a tetrarchy where you had these two emperors of east and west.
And then you would have essentially their subordinate emperors but along with that.
He redefined what a province is so you had smaller provinces which then would go into diocese, which would then go into prefects, which would then go into a tetrarch.
Once you have the start of the Byzantine Empire they would have elements of this.
Constantine, remember Constantine wasn't only the Byzantine wasn't only the emperor of the east he was emperor of both east and west.
But he got rid of the tetrarchy but he kept Dioclesian's notions of these smaller provinces going into diocese going into prefects.
So you have that continuity but then later on in the mid seventh century it was turned into more of a feudal-themed system in the Byzantine Empire.
And once again, this was under Heraclius who also made Greek the official language.
And the reason why I say it's feudal, it was comparable to the feudal system in western Europe at the time was that it provided land grants to local rulers in exchange for their military service and the ability for them to send resources up to the emperor.
In terms of culture, you have many of the things that we associate with the Roman Empire you have chariot racing.
You have gladiator fights you have imperial birthdays, you have the Olympics which carries over from the Ancient Greeks that actually lasts over 1000 years as we go into the Roman Empire.
Some of these continue and some of them don't.
So for example, the notion of chariot racing does and famously Justinian is almost overthrown after a rowdy chariot race.
You don't have the Olympics Theodosius felt that it wasn't in line with Christian tradition.
But you did have things like imperial celebrations, imperial birthdays so the Byzantine Empire definitely continued some of the traditions but also eliminated others.
So this is a just a rough overview.
I encourage you to think about it yourself.
Are we missing any dimensions?
And what other aspects do you think were the same as we go from the traditional Roman Empire into the continuation of the Roman Empire which historians will later call the Byzantine Empire?
번역
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[Instructor] We already have several videos talking about the Byzantine Empire which is really just the continuation of the Roman Empire after its fall and they even call themselves the Roman Empire.발음듣기
대기중
But I wanna do in this video is a bit of a deep dive to make sure we understand the different elements of continuity.발음듣기
대기중
And change between what we consider the Roman Empire when it was one unified western and eastern Roman Empire.발음듣기
대기중
And then what we later call the Byzantine Empire, so what was the same between them and then what changed over time?발음듣기
대기중
As you can see from an administrative point of view even though it was considered one empire.발음듣기
대기중
It was already being governed separately the west being governed from Rome the east being governed from Constantinople.발음듣기
대기중
And most historians mark the beginning of the Byzantine Empire with the rule of Constantine, who moves the capital to Byzantium, it gets renamed Constantinople.발음듣기
대기중
But as we've talked about in multiple videos in 476, you have the fall of the western Roman Empire and the west becomes fragmented, a bunch of various Germanic kingdoms.발음듣기
대기중
And once again, they did not call themselves the Byzantines they called themselves the Romans they called themselves the Roman Empire.발음듣기
대기중
It was only much later that historians tried to separate this period of the Roman Empire by calling it the Byzantine Empire.발음듣기
대기중
There is a bit of a resurgence under Justinian he's able to capture significant portions of the west including the Italian peninsula.발음듣기
대기중
But then over time the Byzantine Empire contracts, especially in the east it has to contend with the spread of Islam.발음듣기
대기중
As we go even further in time, as we enter into the second millennium, we can see that the Muslim Turks make further inroads into the Byzantine Empire.발음듣기
대기중
And we can go all the way to 1453 where all that was left at the time of the Byzantine Empire.발음듣기
대기중
Or you could say the eastern Roman Empire is Constantinople and in 1453, that also gets sacked by the Ottomans.발음듣기
대기중
And that's the official end of the Byzantine Empire the eastern Roman Empire, which you can see continues on for another 1000 years after the fall of the western Roman Empire.발음듣기
대기중
Now with that review out of the way let's think about how the Byzantine Empire was the same and different from the Roman Empire.발음듣기
대기중
Well the Roman Empire is named after its seat of power during the great majority of its history.발음듣기
대기중
And of course we talk about Constantine changing the capital to Byzantium which eventually became Constantinople.발음듣기
대기중
And that's the official start of at least the roots of the Byzantine Empire although Constantine was emperor of both.발음듣기
대기중
It's fair to say that Rome was the capital of the Roman Empire from its early days as a kingdom all the way until the first several centuries of the common era.발음듣기
대기중
The roots of the Byzantine Empire are with Constantine changing the capital, the seat of power of the combined empire and moving it from Rome to Byzantium which will eventually be called Constantinople.발음듣기
대기중
In the early days of the Byzantine Empire Latin is used in conjunction with Greek but over time, it becomes more Greek.발음듣기
대기중
In fact, Heraclius in the seventh century makes Greek the official language of the Byzantine Empire.발음듣기
대기중
Now near the end of what is called the Roman Empire when Constantine comes around in the early fourth century Christianity gets legalized.발음듣기
대기중
And Theodosius who is the last emperor to rule over both east and west he makes Christianity the official religion.발음듣기
대기중
Since the eastern Roman Empire's roots, the Byzantine empire's roots are considered to be with Constantine.발음듣기
대기중
It has a Christian nature from the beginning and it only becomes more and more Christian over time.발음듣기
대기중
In other videos, we will talk about the eventual spiritual split between east and west, the Latin Christian church and the Greek Christian church.발음듣기
대기중
And they're going to diverge more and more as we go into the year 1054 when there is the official Great Schism.발음듣기
대기중
In terms of law, the Roman Empire has a long tradition of law and I guess we could just call it the Roman law.발음듣기
대기중
In fact, so profound has its influence been on western civilization that many of our legal terms today come from Latin.발음듣기
대기중
What historians would consider the Byzantine Empire would continue Roman law, much of it written in Latin.발음듣기
대기중
Justinian would famously try to reform Roman law make it more consistent, make it more clear.발음듣기
대기중
And these reformations of Roman law, they are more and more written in Greek than Latin and they do have more and more of a Christian influence.발음듣기
대기중
In terms of governance, especially under the Roman Empire the notion of a province was the main subdivision under which the empire was governed.발음듣기
대기중
Once you have Emperor Dioclesian come onto the scene and this is shortly before the time of Constantine he reformed it.발음듣기
대기중
And he set up what is known as a tetrarchy where you had these two emperors of east and west.발음듣기
대기중
He redefined what a province is so you had smaller provinces which then would go into diocese, which would then go into prefects, which would then go into a tetrarch.발음듣기
대기중
Constantine, remember Constantine wasn't only the Byzantine wasn't only the emperor of the east he was emperor of both east and west.발음듣기
대기중
But he got rid of the tetrarchy but he kept Dioclesian's notions of these smaller provinces going into diocese going into prefects.발음듣기
대기중
So you have that continuity but then later on in the mid seventh century it was turned into more of a feudal-themed system in the Byzantine Empire.발음듣기
대기중
And the reason why I say it's feudal, it was comparable to the feudal system in western Europe at the time was that it provided land grants to local rulers in exchange for their military service and the ability for them to send resources up to the emperor.발음듣기
대기중
In terms of culture, you have many of the things that we associate with the Roman Empire you have chariot racing.발음듣기
대기중
You have gladiator fights you have imperial birthdays, you have the Olympics which carries over from the Ancient Greeks that actually lasts over 1000 years as we go into the Roman Empire.발음듣기
대기중
So for example, the notion of chariot racing does and famously Justinian is almost overthrown after a rowdy chariot race.발음듣기
대기중
You don't have the Olympics Theodosius felt that it wasn't in line with Christian tradition.발음듣기
대기중
But you did have things like imperial celebrations, imperial birthdays so the Byzantine Empire definitely continued some of the traditions but also eliminated others.발음듣기
대기중
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