Metaphysics: Mind-Body Dualism발음듣기
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Metaphysics: Mind-Body Dualism
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Metaphysics: Mind-Body Dualism
(intro music) So my name's Alex Byrne.
I teach philosophy at MIT, and today I'm going to explain an argument for so-called mind-body dualism, the view that we are not physical or material things.
And if we're not physical or material things, the natural alternative is that we're mental things of some kind.
Immaterial minds or souls, as it's sometimes put.
Hence the term "mind-body dualism."
On this view, the universe contains two quite different sorts of things: physical bodies like stones and planets and brains on the one hand, and non-physical minds on the other.
Well why is this view important?
Well, physical things normally aren't around forever.
If I smash my watch into tiny pieces or throw it in a furnace, that's the end of this beautiful piece of Swiss engineering.
The watch doesn't exist anymore. Similarly if your body is devoured by worms or consumed in a crematorium, that's the end of this beautiful piece of biological engineering.
Your body doesn't exist anymore. So, if you're a physical thing, a complicated bag of cells, then your eventual bodily destruction means that there's no hope for immortality.
So, if you're invested in the prospect of life after death, a lot hangs on the argument for mind-body dualism.
The seventeenth-century philosopher Rene Descartes is the most famous proponent of mind-body dualism, and that's why the view is sometimes called "Cartesian dualism."
You'll remember Cartesian coordinates from high school geometry, and Descartes invented those.
His most famous work is called "Meditations on First Philosophy," which was published in Latin in 1641.
And the sub-title promises that the work will demonstrate the existence of God and the immortality of the soul.
We can only do so much in a few minutes, so we'll have to leave the demonstration of the existence of God for another episode of Wi-Phi.
Now the argument I'm going to present is not quite Descartes's argument as we find it in the Meditations.
It's basically a variant of Descartes's argument, given by the contemporary philosopher Saul Kripke in his classic book "Naming a Necessity," which was published in 1980.
And what's more, it's a simplified version of Kripke's argument.
But even with the simplifications, I think we can see that it certainly leads to an argument that deserves to be taken seriously.
All right, so now to the argument.
Let's give your physical body a name.
Call it "Bert." Everyone, dualist or not, can agree you and Bert are intimately connected.
Stamp on Bert's toe, and you feel pain.
If you decide to get some aspirin, that will result in Bert moving towards the medicine cabinet.
However, that doesn't mean that you are Bert.
And according to the dualist, you aren't.
There are two things here: you and Bert.
And what the dualist argument tries to establish is that you are not Bert.
More explicitly, you are not identical to Bert.
You are not one in the same thing as Bert.
Okay, so that's the conclusion. So now, to prepare for the premises of the argument, we need a distinction, between truths that could have been false and truths that could not have been false.
For example, here's a truth: I am a philosopher.
That truth could have been false.
I could have been a plumber, say.
Plumbing might have struck me as a more fulfilling and secure career than philosophy, and I might have studied for a plumbing certificate instead of studying for a PhD in philosophy.
Here's another example: it's true that there were dinosaurs.
But that could have been false.
Evolution could have failed to produce any dinosaurs, or life might not have evolved at all.
So some truths, then, could have been false.
But some truths could not have been false.
They had to be true, come what may.
For example, here's a logical truth: either there were dinosaurs, or there were no dinosaurs.
That's true, but it didn't just happen to be true.
It couldn't have been otherwise. However the world turned out, that logical truth would have been true.
Here's another example, which is the relevant one for our purposes.
Imagine that the President of the United States, say, is sitting opposite us.
I point to him and say, "He is Barack Obama."
That's true. But could it have been false?
Well, how could it? How could that very man fail to be Barack Obama?
We have just one thing here: that man, also known as "Barack Obama."
When I say "He is Barack Obama,"
I'm picking out the same thing twice over.
It's as if I were to say "He," pointing at Obama, "is him," pointing at Obama again.
A thing can't fail to be identical to itself.
So "He," here I point at Obama, "can't fail to be identical to Obama."
So, when I say "He is Obama," what I say is not just true, it had to be true.
It's one of those truths like that logical truth I just mentioned.
It could not have been false.
If you're inclined to doubt this, you're probably thinking of some different, but related, truth that could have been false.
For example, it's also true that he, pointing at Obama, is named "Barack Obama."
But that's a truth that could have been false.
He might have had some, different name say Fred Blogs.
But the truth that he is Barack Obama is not the same as the truth he's named Barack Obama.
The first truth is not about language, although of course it is stated in language, like truths in general.
It's just about the man, Barack Obama.
The second truth is about language, at least in part.
Specifically, it's about the name "Barack Obama."
And of course these are quite different things.
Barack Obama is the president, but his name has not been elected to any office.
All right, now we're ready for the argument.
Go back to you and Bert, your body.
Imagine I point to you and say "You are Bert."
Suppose that's true. Then, since it's just like the Obama example, it's one of those truths that could not have been false.
In other words, if it's true that you are Bert, it had to be true that you were Bert.
You are Bert, come what may.
So this gives us the first premise of our argument for dualism.
If it's true that you are Bert, then it could not have been false that you are Bert.
But hold on. Couldn't you have existed without Bert existing?
For example, you can imagine being disembodied, not having a body at all or you can imagine that you have another body, Bertha, not Bert.
Imagining these situations is not at all like imagining, or trying to imagine, say, a situation in which there's a round square table.
That situation seems obviously impossible, not a situation that could have obtained.
There could not have been a round square table.
But there seems nothing at all impossible about a situation in which you exist without Burt existing, perhaps because you're disembodied, perhaps because you have Bertha and not Bert as your body.
This is not the actual situation, but it seems like a possible situation.
You could have existed without Bert existing.
But if you could have existed without Bert existing, then it could have been false that you are Bert.
A situation in which you're around and Bert isn't is a situation in which you aren't Bert.
So this gives us our second premise, "it could have been false that you are Bert."
So now notice that the second premise is the negation of the sentence after the word "then," in the first premise.
So our two premises have the following abstract form: "If P, then Q; and not Q."
And premises of this form logically imply, by a rule of inference called "modus tollens," "not P."
And our two plausible seeming premises, then, imply "it's not true that you are Bert."
In other words, you are not Bert, which is the dualist conclusion.
번역
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I teach philosophy at MIT, and today I'm going to explain an argument for so-called mind-body dualism, the view that we are not physical or material things.발음듣기
대기중
And if we're not physical or material things, the natural alternative is that we're mental things of some kind.발음듣기
대기중
On this view, the universe contains two quite different sorts of things: physical bodies like stones and planets and brains on the one hand, and non-physical minds on the other.발음듣기
대기중
If I smash my watch into tiny pieces or throw it in a furnace, that's the end of this beautiful piece of Swiss engineering.발음듣기
대기중
The watch doesn't exist anymore. Similarly if your body is devoured by worms or consumed in a crematorium, that's the end of this beautiful piece of biological engineering.발음듣기
대기중
Your body doesn't exist anymore. So, if you're a physical thing, a complicated bag of cells, then your eventual bodily destruction means that there's no hope for immortality.발음듣기
대기중
So, if you're invested in the prospect of life after death, a lot hangs on the argument for mind-body dualism.발음듣기
대기중
The seventeenth-century philosopher Rene Descartes is the most famous proponent of mind-body dualism, and that's why the view is sometimes called "Cartesian dualism."발음듣기
대기중
You'll remember Cartesian coordinates from high school geometry, and Descartes invented those.발음듣기
대기중
His most famous work is called "Meditations on First Philosophy," which was published in Latin in 1641.발음듣기
대기중
And the sub-title promises that the work will demonstrate the existence of God and the immortality of the soul.발음듣기
대기중
We can only do so much in a few minutes, so we'll have to leave the demonstration of the existence of God for another episode of Wi-Phi.발음듣기
대기중
Now the argument I'm going to present is not quite Descartes's argument as we find it in the Meditations.발음듣기
대기중
It's basically a variant of Descartes's argument, given by the contemporary philosopher Saul Kripke in his classic book "Naming a Necessity," which was published in 1980.발음듣기
대기중
But even with the simplifications, I think we can see that it certainly leads to an argument that deserves to be taken seriously.발음듣기
대기중
If you decide to get some aspirin, that will result in Bert moving towards the medicine cabinet.발음듣기
대기중
Okay, so that's the conclusion. So now, to prepare for the premises of the argument, we need a distinction, between truths that could have been false and truths that could not have been false.발음듣기
대기중
Plumbing might have struck me as a more fulfilling and secure career than philosophy, and I might have studied for a plumbing certificate instead of studying for a PhD in philosophy.발음듣기
대기중
Evolution could have failed to produce any dinosaurs, or life might not have evolved at all.발음듣기
대기중
For example, here's a logical truth: either there were dinosaurs, or there were no dinosaurs.발음듣기
대기중
It couldn't have been otherwise. However the world turned out, that logical truth would have been true.발음듣기
대기중
If you're inclined to doubt this, you're probably thinking of some different, but related, truth that could have been false.발음듣기
대기중
The first truth is not about language, although of course it is stated in language, like truths in general.발음듣기
대기중
Suppose that's true. Then, since it's just like the Obama example, it's one of those truths that could not have been false.발음듣기
대기중
For example, you can imagine being disembodied, not having a body at all or you can imagine that you have another body, Bertha, not Bert.발음듣기
대기중
Imagining these situations is not at all like imagining, or trying to imagine, say, a situation in which there's a round square table.발음듣기
대기중
But there seems nothing at all impossible about a situation in which you exist without Burt existing, perhaps because you're disembodied, perhaps because you have Bertha and not Bert as your body.발음듣기
대기중
But if you could have existed without Bert existing, then it could have been false that you are Bert.발음듣기
대기중
So now notice that the second premise is the negation of the sentence after the word "then," in the first premise.발음듣기
대기중
And premises of this form logically imply, by a rule of inference called "modus tollens," "not P."발음듣기
대기중
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