Early Modern: Locke on Personal Identity part 1발음듣기
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Early Modern: Locke on Personal Identity part 1
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(intro music) This is a lecture on personal identity, as this problem arises in the case of John Locke, a British philosopher of the seventeenth century.발음듣기
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Hi, my name is Michael Della Rocca, I'm a professor of philosophy at Yale, and I've been a professor here at Yale for what seems to me to be an unbelievably long period of time, since 1991.발음듣기
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It's unbelievable to me that I've spent so much time at Yale doing this one job that I love, and it's also unbelievable to me because it's hard to see what it could be, in virtue of which I today, the person speaking to you right now, am the same person as this inexperienced person who came to Yale right out of graduate school in 1991.발음듣기
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I'm that same guy, but what is it, in virtue of which I'm the same person as that inexperienced young philosopher in 1991?발음듣기
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What can make it the case that the person now speaking to you here is the same as, is identical to, the young person who began teaching at Yale in 1991?발음듣기
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This is one question that arises when one considers the problem of personal identity over time, and it is a question that philosophers have long struggled to answer.발음듣기
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And there is, of course, no consensus as to the best answer to this question, the question of what it is, in virtue of which, an earlier person is identical to a later person.발음듣기
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It is this question that I want to shed light on today, by looking at the example of John Locke's theory.발음듣기
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But before I do that, I want to say a bit, and this is relevant to our topic, a bit about the nature of philosophical problems in general, and about what it is to make progress on philosophical problems.발음듣기
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Many of the most central problems of philosophy, including the problem of personal identity that we are going to talk about today, they've been with us for hundreds, if not thousands, of years.발음듣기
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This might seem frustrating and dispiriting, because if there is no progress on these problems, then why do we bother addressing these problems at all?발음듣기
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This is a challenging question. Indeed, it's a question, it's a philosophical question, about the nature of philosophy itself.발음듣기
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Why do we continue to pursue philosophical problems when most of the main, important philosophical problems have not been resolved over the years?발음듣기
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One thing I'd like to suggest is that in philosophy, the problems are often more important than the solutions, if indeed there are any solutions at all.발음듣기
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And this is because the problems in philosophy are ways of seeking understanding about ourselves and about our place in the world around us.발음듣기
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And any development that helps us to see an old problem in a new light, any development that opens up a new possible position with regard to an existing philosophical problem, is a development that increases our understanding, not only of the philosophical problem, but also, and thereby, it increases our understanding of ourselves.발음듣기
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We can make philosophical progress by understanding an old philosophical problem in a new light.발음듣기
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We thereby learn something important about ourselves, even if we have not gone all the way toward answering definitively a philosophical problem.발음듣기
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That's a phenomenon I want to illustrate today in our discussion of personal identity over time, because I think John Locke made precisely that kind of progress with regard to a longstanding philosophical problem, in his very original account of personal identity.발음듣기
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But he also wrote some important works in metaphysics and epistemology, and it's one aspect of his metaphysical views that we're considering today: the problem of personal identity over time.발음듣기
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In his account of personal identity over time, he hit upon an insight that put the entire problem in an entirely new light, and opened up a new area of research, of philosophical research, into the nature of persons.발음듣기
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This was, I think, an important kind of philosophical progress, and many philosophers today who work on personal identity are very much indebted to Locke's development in this field.발음듣기
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Now, in general form (I'll just talk about the problem in general now without mentioning Locke in particular, but we'll turn to Locke in a moment), in a general way, the problem of personal identity takes the following form.발음듣기
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This person is called "B." It's also me, and we want to say that A is the same as, the same person as, is identical to, person B.발음듣기
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A is identical to B. But what is it, in virtue of which the identity between A and B obtains?발음듣기
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This doesn't capture the complete content of the "in virtue of" question that I raised, but it's a large part of the content.발음듣기
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And the two questions are these: "What are the necessary conditions "for A to be identical to B?" and "What are the sufficient conditions "for A to be identical to B?"발음듣기
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Let me say a bit more about those two questions, 'cause they'll guide us throughout our discussion today.발음듣기
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The form that the answer to this question would take would be to find a certain relation which is such that if A is identical to B, then A and B stand in this relation.발음듣기
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So we're looking for a relation that's a necessary condition for personal identity over time.발음듣기
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That's the first question. The second question, about the sufficient conditions for personal identity over time, asks what is enough for a person at one time to be identical to a person at another time?발음듣기
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The form that an answer to this question would take would be to find a certain relation, perhaps another relation, a relation which is such that if A and B stand in this relation, then A is identical to B.발음듣기
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So a necessary condition for personal identity is a condition which is such that if A is identical to B, then A and B stand in this relation, and a sufficient condition for personal identity is a condition such that if A and B stand in this relation, then they're identical.발음듣기
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Now when you have both the necessary and the sufficient conditions of the identity of the earlier person A and the later person B, when you have both sets of conditions, then you have a full account of personal identity over time, or at least you have the beginnings of such an account.발음듣기
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It's a more specific version of the general problem of identity over time for objects in general.발음듣기
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You can ask the question not just about personal identity over time, but "What is it for a dog "to be identical over time?발음듣기
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What is it, in virtue of which the dog Jade, the earlier dog Jade, is identical to the dog before me now, the later dog.발음듣기
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What makes the table that I'm sitting at now, what makes this table now, identical to a table that was in my office last week?발음듣기
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What is it, in virtue of which the table before me now is identical to the table that was in my office last week?발음듣기
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We all think that there are such identity claims that are true, but what is it that makes these claims true?발음듣기
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So the problem of personal identity over time is a specific version of a general problem about the identity of objects over time.발음듣기
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The question can arise in any area of philosophy concerning any kinds of objects, but specifically we're interested in the problem here of personal identity over time.발음듣기
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Tables, of course, are important to us, but it's persons that we have a special interest in, and we really want to know what makes us the persons that we are.발음듣기
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The whole question of our practices concerning ourselves seems to be premised on views about personal identity over time.발음듣기
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The reason why I'm interacting with my friend right now and I enjoy interacting with him or her is that I think that the person I'm interacting with right now is identical to the person that I grew up with in Brooklyn many years ago.발음듣기
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It's the same person before me now who I went to Coney Island with in Brooklyn many years ago.발음듣기
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And so there's a presupposition of identity over time that guides this interaction that I have with this person right now, because I believe there's an identity claim that's true about this person.발음듣기
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Our practices of moral praise and blame also seem to require certain presuppositions about personal identity over time.발음듣기
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It doesn't seem right or fair to blame someone before me now for a certain crime or a certain bad action if the person before me now is not identical to the person who performed that bad action last week or last year or whatever.발음듣기
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Practices of moral blame seem to presuppose personal identity over time, and similarly for moral praise.발음듣기
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More generally, planning for the future seems to presuppose beliefs in personal identity over time.발음듣기
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I may have a certain plan that I want to go to a certain concert tomorrow night, because I believe that the person who will go to the concert will be identical to me.발음듣기
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So I'm making up plans for myself in the future, and that seems to presuppose a belief about the persistence of a certain person over time.발음듣기
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So, all of our practical, day-to-day claims in daily life presuppose, it seems, a belief about some kind of personal identity over time.발음듣기
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