Philosophy: Epicurus’ Cure for Unhappiness발음듣기
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Philosophy: Epicurus’ Cure for Unhappiness
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Philosophy: Epicurus’ Cure for Unhappiness
(intro music) Hi, my name is Monte Johnson.
I teach philosophy at the University of California, San Diego, and today I want to talk about Epicureanism's four-part cure for unhappiness, the Tetrapharmakos.
God is nothing to fear, death is nothing to worry about, it is easy to acquire the good things in life, and it is easy to endure the terrible things.
These four maxims are the first four capital doctrines of Epicureanism, collectively known as the "Tetrapharmakos."
Tetrapharmakos literally means "four-part remedy," or "cure."
The term originally referred to a medical concoction of four drugs, but the Epicureans mean by it the encapsulation of their philosophy in a formula of four easily digestible maxims that one can meditate on in order to relieve anxiety, much like modern cognitive behavioral therapy.
As Epicurus says, "Meditate on these ideas day and night, "and the ones related to them, both alone and with "someone like yourself, and you will never be badly "disturbed, whether awake or dreaming."
In order to see how the maxims might contribute to our tranquility, let's briefly expand on each part of the tetrapharmakos.
First, God is not to be feared.
Traditional religion presents us with terrifying visions of superpowerful gods, such as Zeus with his thunderbolts, or Poseidon who, with a rattle of his trident, can cause earthquakes and storms.
The perceived need to mollify such gods with sacrifices is the source of much distress, worry, and expense, and has had terrible consequences.
But for both scientific and theological reasons, the divine should not be thought to be the cause of natural disasters.
Epicurus, in his treatise on nature, gave a comprehensive account of the universe and its origin, including living things and human beings.
This account removed from natural philosophy the need for any appeal to God as a creator or maintainer or end of nature and natural phenomena.
Epicurus says that if we consider God to be an invulnerable and happy living thing, then God must be completely unbothered and unworried by human affairs, and unaffected by either anger or pity, which are kinds of suffering incompatible with divine perfection.
It is, in fact, impious, according to Epicurus, to represent God as inflicting punishment on human beings, whether through natural disasters or in the afterlife, and it is unholy to sacrifice human goods as if we could possibly influence or benefit a god.
Second, death is nothing to be worried about.
In connection with the first maxim, there is no need to worry that God will punish you after death.
Furthermore, our natural science tells us that when our body breaks down, the living thing ceases to exist.
There is no immaterial soul that can be tormented or rewarded in the afterlife.
Death is nothing to us, for it can affect neither the living nor the dead.
It cannot affect you when you're living, because then you're not dead yet, and it cannot affect you when you're dead, because then you don't exist anymore.
The ancient fear of dwelling for eternity in the darkness of subterranean Hades is baseless, as is the medieval worry about being tortured in Hell.
As for lamenting the loss of everything you could have experienced had you died later, you need not worry about that any more than you worry about everything you could have experienced in the time before you were born.
The time before you were born and the time after you die are equal, but there is no more reason to regret that you will not be alive in the distant future than there is to regret that you were not alive in the distant past.
In fact, it is comforting to realize that everything in life is limited, and that beyond a certain point, all striving and suffering necessarily ends.
And once one removes the fear of death and longing for more life, almost all other fears disappear, and we become free to enjoy the lifetime we have.
This brings us to the third maxim of tetrapharmakos: the good things in life are easy to acquire.
When we consider the things we want, it is comforting to realize that our true needs are limited and fairly easily available from nature, and that the things that are difficult to obtain, we just don't need.
Air is available for our breath, water for our thirst, fire for warmth, and earth for ground to stand on.
The minerals, plants, and animals supply our needs for shelter and sustenance.
There are plenty of people around to become our friends.
When we realize that we have enough, not just to survive, but to alleviate most of our pain, we necessarily become relieved and tranquil.
True relaxation and happiness becomes possible.
We can focus not only on survival, but on a deeper, more aesthetic appreciation of the universe that seeks to understand the nature of things, not only to provide what we need and to eliminate our fears about the divine and about death, but simply to be amazed at its beauty and sublimity.
Epicurus describes this state as "god-like" because when we are in it, we are invulnerable, happy creatures who do not fear nature, but take delight in it.
Now, if the idea that the good things in life are easily available seems doubtful to you, consider Epicurus's three-fold division of desires into those that are natural and necessary, like our desires for air, water, food, or shelter;
those that are natural but not necessary, like our desires for expensive food and drink, mansions, or sex;
and those that are neither natural nor necessary, which Epicurus calls "hollow," or "empty."
Desires for fame, riches, glory, political power, and immortality, common though they are, are all hollow.
Their pursuit causes more unhappiness than happiness, not only because they are difficult or impossible to achieve, and so efforts in this direction are futile and frustrating, but also because they are unlimited.
Not being related to any natural need, there is no amount of wealth, influence, or life extension that will satisfy us and allow us to live a relaxed, tranquil life.
Ease of living comes by appreciating just how little we need to be happy or flourish, and how abundant nature seems to be in supplying our needs.
All of our pleasures boil down to just two kinds.
On the one hand, there is the pleasant, agreeable, sweet stimulation that Epicurus calls "kinetic pleasure," and on the other hand, the tranquil, satisfied, self-sufficient, and self-assured state that comes when all pain is relieved, which Epicurus calls "static pleasure."
Both kinds are good, but both are naturally limited.
The most intense kinetic pleasures come from satisfying our natural needs.
Thus, drinking when we're thirsty, eating when we're hungry, warming up when we're cold.
Once these natural and necessary desires are satisfied, we reach the more stable condition of static pleasure.
At this point we cannot increase our pleasure any more, but can only vary it.
I can have either chocolate or vanilla ice cream, or I can have both, but beyond a certain point, eating ice cream will not be any more enjoyable for me, nor will eating any other food.
When one is very thirsty, simple water is what one most desires, and simple foods when one is most hungry.
Accustoming oneself to enjoying simpler pleasures makes the enjoyment of luxuries all that much more enjoyable when windfalls happen to come along.
That is why Epicurus, who practically lived on bread and water, asked to be brought a pot of cheese every once in a while, so that he could, as he put it, "indulge."
This is the character of the hedonistic philosopher who devoted his life to pleasure.
Epicurus does not need to go to the trouble of always having a pot of cheese with every meal, and as a general rule, one is better off eliminating a desire, rather than working too hard to satisfy it.
In fact, it is often necessary to forgo one pleasure in order to enjoy a greater pleasure later, just as it is often necessary to undergo some pain in order to avoid a greater pain later.
That brings us to the fourth and final maxim of the tetrapharmakos: the terrible things in life are easy to endure.
Acute pain, although sharp, is short.
Chronic pain, although long-lasting, is dull.
If pain ever becomes too intense for too long, there's always the option of ending life, at which point no harm can come to us whatsoever.
Once again, we should appreciate and be relieved at how the limits of nature have benefited us, and we should derive tranquility from this.
And when this appreciation takes an intellectual form of research and philosophical discussion, it offers rewards that more than offset and compensate for life's annoyances, pains, and sorrows.
Even though Epicurus was suffering from painful kidney stones at the end of his life, he wrote to his friend Idomeneus, "These pains I have offset with the joy "I feel when I recall our philosophical conversations."
번역
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I teach philosophy at the University of California, San Diego, and today I want to talk about Epicureanism's four-part cure for unhappiness, the Tetrapharmakos.발음듣기
대기중
God is nothing to fear, death is nothing to worry about, it is easy to acquire the good things in life, and it is easy to endure the terrible things.발음듣기
대기중
These four maxims are the first four capital doctrines of Epicureanism, collectively known as the "Tetrapharmakos."발음듣기
대기중
The term originally referred to a medical concoction of four drugs, but the Epicureans mean by it the encapsulation of their philosophy in a formula of four easily digestible maxims that one can meditate on in order to relieve anxiety, much like modern cognitive behavioral therapy.발음듣기
대기중
As Epicurus says, "Meditate on these ideas day and night, "and the ones related to them, both alone and with "someone like yourself, and you will never be badly "disturbed, whether awake or dreaming."발음듣기
대기중
In order to see how the maxims might contribute to our tranquility, let's briefly expand on each part of the tetrapharmakos.발음듣기
대기중
Traditional religion presents us with terrifying visions of superpowerful gods, such as Zeus with his thunderbolts, or Poseidon who, with a rattle of his trident, can cause earthquakes and storms.발음듣기
대기중
The perceived need to mollify such gods with sacrifices is the source of much distress, worry, and expense, and has had terrible consequences.발음듣기
대기중
But for both scientific and theological reasons, the divine should not be thought to be the cause of natural disasters.발음듣기
대기중
Epicurus, in his treatise on nature, gave a comprehensive account of the universe and its origin, including living things and human beings.발음듣기
대기중
This account removed from natural philosophy the need for any appeal to God as a creator or maintainer or end of nature and natural phenomena.발음듣기
대기중
Epicurus says that if we consider God to be an invulnerable and happy living thing, then God must be completely unbothered and unworried by human affairs, and unaffected by either anger or pity, which are kinds of suffering incompatible with divine perfection.발음듣기
대기중
It is, in fact, impious, according to Epicurus, to represent God as inflicting punishment on human beings, whether through natural disasters or in the afterlife, and it is unholy to sacrifice human goods as if we could possibly influence or benefit a god.발음듣기
대기중
In connection with the first maxim, there is no need to worry that God will punish you after death.발음듣기
대기중
Furthermore, our natural science tells us that when our body breaks down, the living thing ceases to exist.발음듣기
대기중
It cannot affect you when you're living, because then you're not dead yet, and it cannot affect you when you're dead, because then you don't exist anymore.발음듣기
대기중
The ancient fear of dwelling for eternity in the darkness of subterranean Hades is baseless, as is the medieval worry about being tortured in Hell.발음듣기
대기중
As for lamenting the loss of everything you could have experienced had you died later, you need not worry about that any more than you worry about everything you could have experienced in the time before you were born.발음듣기
대기중
The time before you were born and the time after you die are equal, but there is no more reason to regret that you will not be alive in the distant future than there is to regret that you were not alive in the distant past.발음듣기
대기중
In fact, it is comforting to realize that everything in life is limited, and that beyond a certain point, all striving and suffering necessarily ends.발음듣기
대기중
And once one removes the fear of death and longing for more life, almost all other fears disappear, and we become free to enjoy the lifetime we have.발음듣기
대기중
This brings us to the third maxim of tetrapharmakos: the good things in life are easy to acquire.발음듣기
대기중
When we consider the things we want, it is comforting to realize that our true needs are limited and fairly easily available from nature, and that the things that are difficult to obtain, we just don't need.발음듣기
대기중
Air is available for our breath, water for our thirst, fire for warmth, and earth for ground to stand on.발음듣기
대기중
When we realize that we have enough, not just to survive, but to alleviate most of our pain, we necessarily become relieved and tranquil.발음듣기
대기중
We can focus not only on survival, but on a deeper, more aesthetic appreciation of the universe that seeks to understand the nature of things, not only to provide what we need and to eliminate our fears about the divine and about death, but simply to be amazed at its beauty and sublimity.발음듣기
대기중
Epicurus describes this state as "god-like" because when we are in it, we are invulnerable, happy creatures who do not fear nature, but take delight in it.발음듣기
대기중
Now, if the idea that the good things in life are easily available seems doubtful to you, consider Epicurus's three-fold division of desires into those that are natural and necessary, like our desires for air, water, food, or shelter;발음듣기
대기중
those that are natural but not necessary, like our desires for expensive food and drink, mansions, or sex;발음듣기
대기중
and those that are neither natural nor necessary, which Epicurus calls "hollow," or "empty."발음듣기
대기중
Desires for fame, riches, glory, political power, and immortality, common though they are, are all hollow.발음듣기
대기중
Their pursuit causes more unhappiness than happiness, not only because they are difficult or impossible to achieve, and so efforts in this direction are futile and frustrating, but also because they are unlimited.발음듣기
대기중
Not being related to any natural need, there is no amount of wealth, influence, or life extension that will satisfy us and allow us to live a relaxed, tranquil life.발음듣기
대기중
Ease of living comes by appreciating just how little we need to be happy or flourish, and how abundant nature seems to be in supplying our needs.발음듣기
대기중
On the one hand, there is the pleasant, agreeable, sweet stimulation that Epicurus calls "kinetic pleasure," and on the other hand, the tranquil, satisfied, self-sufficient, and self-assured state that comes when all pain is relieved, which Epicurus calls "static pleasure."발음듣기
대기중
Once these natural and necessary desires are satisfied, we reach the more stable condition of static pleasure.발음듣기
대기중
I can have either chocolate or vanilla ice cream, or I can have both, but beyond a certain point, eating ice cream will not be any more enjoyable for me, nor will eating any other food.발음듣기
대기중
When one is very thirsty, simple water is what one most desires, and simple foods when one is most hungry.발음듣기
대기중
Accustoming oneself to enjoying simpler pleasures makes the enjoyment of luxuries all that much more enjoyable when windfalls happen to come along.발음듣기
대기중
That is why Epicurus, who practically lived on bread and water, asked to be brought a pot of cheese every once in a while, so that he could, as he put it, "indulge."발음듣기
대기중
Epicurus does not need to go to the trouble of always having a pot of cheese with every meal, and as a general rule, one is better off eliminating a desire, rather than working too hard to satisfy it.발음듣기
대기중
In fact, it is often necessary to forgo one pleasure in order to enjoy a greater pleasure later, just as it is often necessary to undergo some pain in order to avoid a greater pain later.발음듣기
대기중
That brings us to the fourth and final maxim of the tetrapharmakos: the terrible things in life are easy to endure.발음듣기
대기중
If pain ever becomes too intense for too long, there's always the option of ending life, at which point no harm can come to us whatsoever.발음듣기
대기중
Once again, we should appreciate and be relieved at how the limits of nature have benefited us, and we should derive tranquility from this.발음듣기
대기중
And when this appreciation takes an intellectual form of research and philosophical discussion, it offers rewards that more than offset and compensate for life's annoyances, pains, and sorrows.발음듣기
대기중
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