Portraits of the Four Tetrarchs발음듣기
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Portraits of the Four Tetrarchs
51문장
100% 한국어
번역 5명 참여
출처 : 칸아카데미
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(soft piano music) [Voiceover] On the side of Saint Mark's Basilica in Venice is a sculptural group, actually two pieces of stone put together that show the four tetrarchs.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And they really are embedded in the corner of the church, they obviously don't belong.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] That's true, and there is a sense in which there are a lot of things here on the side of the basilica that seem to have been just added.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] That's absolutely right, we see all kinds of fabulously colored marbles as well as columns, which we know were spoils from the Fourth Crusade when the Venetians who had tried to get to the holy land, didn't make it and instead sacked other Christians in Constantinople.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] So they brought back enormous spoils and The Tetrarchs likely came in that group.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] But what's important to remember is that The Tetrarchs are not byzantine The Tetrarchs are not even Christian.발음듣기
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At the end of that century, the Emperor Diocletian decided that the empire might be more stable if he divided power.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And so what he did, is he set up a structure called The Tetrarchy, which means four and refers to four rulers.발음듣기
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There were two augusti, that is two senior emperors and then there were two Caesars, two junior emperors.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] Our historians think that the four figures that we see here represent the four emperors and co-emperors Diocletian, Maximianus, Galerius and Constantius.발음듣기
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Now it's really impossible to tell who's who, and I think it's important to put this in the context of the history of portraits of emperors.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And they had been very individualized these were real portraits, yes they might be idealized, but there was always enough specificity so that you could recognize, in fact, their very purpose was so that the likeness of the emperor could be distributed throughout the empire.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And we see during this period of the tetrarchy that is completely gone. [Voiceover] It's all gone.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] First of all the figures stand in very similar positions, their bodies are the same sizes, aside from the fact that in each pair one is bearded and one isn't, their faces look exactly the same and are very abstracted.발음듣기
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Scholars have hypothesized that it's the augusti who were bearded, these are the elders, whereas the clean shaven figures are the Caesars.발음듣기
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I use the word abstract where facial features have none of the subtlety of the way that our faces really look in the world.발음듣기
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Where is the contrapposto? Where is the understanding of the musculature of the bone structure?발음듣기
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This is the art that has inherited the legacy of ancient Greece and Rome and yet there is clearly this rejection of all of the naturalism that had come before.발음듣기
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This is a purple porphyry and it's a stone that was reserved for the emperor, it was a very rare stone, it was imported from Egypt.발음듣기
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It's quite hard and so unlike marble, this would have been much more difficult to get the kind of fine features that we associate with much classical sculpture.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] And the figures, although lacking the naturalism of the tradition of ancient Greece and Rome express valor, a sense of working together, of harmony, they grasp each other, their faces are turned toward each other, their bodies are turned toward each other, they express a solidity that I imagine was somewhat reassuring in the face of all the turmoil of the third century.발음듣기
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If you look at the drapery on east pediment of the Parthenon for example, they have this wonderful billowing flowing drapery that reveals the structure of the body below it.발음듣기
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These are just lines that are decoratively added to the surface but in no way reveal the structure of the body below.발음듣기
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We are at the edge of the end of The Roman Empire and the beginning of the Christian period.발음듣기
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The next emperor who becomes himself a tetrarch, is Constantine, although he defeats his co-emperor and establishes himself as the sole emperor once again of Rome, then he decriminalizes Christianity, so Christianity becomes very soon the official religion of the Roman Empire.발음듣기
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[Voiceover] What's so interesting is that so much early Christian art and certainly early medieval art will abstract the human figure.발음듣기
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And we understand that in relationship to the new religion to trying to not celebrate our earthly experience but to look towards the heavenly.발음듣기
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The problem when we look at something like this, is that we're seeing a similar kind of abstraction of the human body without that kind of religious overly.발음듣기
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And so we try to understand why there is this rejection of the earlier classicism without the religious aspect at least at the highest levels of society.발음듣기
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