Ethics: Problem of evil part 1

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Ethics: Problem of evil part 1발음듣기

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(intro music) Hi, my name is Greg Ganssle, and I'm a part-time lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at Yale University, and a senior fellow at the Rivendell Institute.발음듣기

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Today we're going to talk about part of the philosophical problem of evil.발음듣기

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The philosophical problem of evil is an argument beginning with facts about evil, leading to the conclusion either that God does not exist, or that it's most likely the case that God does not exist.발음듣기

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So first we need to make a distinction.발음듣기

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There's what has been called "a deductive," or "the logical problem of evil," and then there's what has been called "the evidential problem of evil".발음듣기

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Deductive or logical problem of evil, I like to call "the square circle objection" or "the charge of contradiction."발음듣기

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It is an argument that to believe that God exists, and that evil exists, is like believing in square circles.발음듣기

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There's a contradiction. The evidential problem, on the other hand, I like to call "the unicorn objection."발음듣기

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It is not that there's a contradiction, but it's pretty hard to believe in God in light of facts about evil.발음듣기

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Today I'm going to talk about the logical problem of evil, and how theists, or philosophers who believe in God, begin to answer it.발음듣기

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So, first we need to look at what is the charge of contradiction.발음듣기

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Where is the contradiction found? I'm following a famous paper by a British philosopher named John Mackie who began his argument with a couple of premises.발음듣기

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Premise one: God exists, and is wholly good, omnipotent, and omniscient.발음듣기

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The second premise is that evil exists.발음듣기

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So we have God on the one hand, and evil on the other hand.발음듣기

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His aim is to show that these two together entail or lead to a contradiction.발음듣기

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He recognizes that the contradiction is not obvious at first.발음듣기

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We have to amplify "What does it mean for God to be wholly good, omnipotent, and omniscient?"발음듣기

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Once we amplify this, we can see how these premises together lead to a contradiction.발음듣기

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In order to amplify this, he adds two additional premises.발음듣기

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Premise three: There are no limits to what an omnipotent, omniscient being can do.발음듣기

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Premise four: A good being always eliminates or prevents evil as far as it can.발음듣기

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That's part of what it means to be a good being.발음듣기

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So, Mackie has four premises, and he tries to derive a contradiction from them.발음듣기

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We can see pretty clearly that he can succeed.발음듣기

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We can take step number five: God can eliminate or prevent all of the evil there is.발음듣기

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If premise one is true and God is all-powerful, omnipotent, then he's powerful enough to eliminate all evil.발음듣기

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Premise six: God will eliminate or prevent all of the evil that there is, because he is good.발음듣기

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If premise one is true and God is wholly good, and premise four is true "a good being always eliminates or prevents evil as far as it can," then step six is true.발음듣기

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God will eliminate or prevent all of the evil that he can eliminate because he is good.발음듣기

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So from these six steps, we can see that a contradiction follows.발음듣기

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If step five and step six are true, then we get the conclusion that God does eliminate or prevent all evil.발음듣기

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Well, if God eliminates and prevents all evil, then step eight is true: there is no evil.발음듣기

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But the final step, step nine, builds on premise two, the premise that evil exists.발음듣기

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And we get a statement "There is evil and there is no evil."발음듣기

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And that is the explicit contradiction.발음듣기

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Something is wrong with a valid argument that leads to a contradiction.발음듣기

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Some premise has to be rejected.발음듣기

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John Mackie and other atheists think premise one needs to be rejected.발음듣기

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It's not true that God exists and is wholly good, omnipotent, and omniscient.발음듣기

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Theists, or philosophers who believe that God does exist, they think the problem is not with the first premise, nor is it with the second premise, because it's pretty obvious that evil exists.발음듣기

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Rather, they look carefully at the additional premises, premise three and premise four.발음듣기

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