Epistemology: Science, can it teach us everything?발음듣기
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Epistemology: Science, can it teach us everything?
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출처 : 칸아카데미
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Science is an impressive thing. Scientists have, for hundreds of years, been able to predict the movements of comets, the eclipses, and the like, decades in advance.발음듣기
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In the 20th century, scientists were able to transplant hearts, to send people to the moon, and do all kinds of extraordinary things, of which we can hardly even imagine what they'll be able to achieve in the 21st century.발음듣기
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There's an issue though. Just how impressive, or how good, is science at describing the world that we live in?발음듣기
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One strong claim that we might make is that science can give a complete description of reality.발음듣기
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They've thought however impressive science was, there would be no way that it could give a complete description of reality.발음듣기
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There would be things like angels, spirits, and the like that could not be described in the language of science.발음듣기
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To the effect that are aspects of reality that cannot be described in the language of science.발음듣기
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Our first job is to explain what it is for a description of an aspect of reality to be complete.발음듣기
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Here's a description of what's going on in a room (it happens to be this room): there are three people in the room.발음듣기
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End of description. Was that a good description? Well, you might think that there are things that the description left out.발음듣기
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I didn't say whether they were standing up, sitting down, whether they were riding on little horses around the room.발음듣기
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I haven't told you what they're wearing, I haven't told you anything about their heights, about their ages, about all kinds of things concerning these people.발음듣기
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Suppose I went on, and I added layer upon layer of detail to the description, I said more and more about the people in this room, what they're doing.발음듣기
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Is it, in principle, possible for me to get to the point where there are no further questions of the form "You've left something out, tell me more" to be asked.발음듣기
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However much I add, just detail, detail, I add to the description, there are gonna be aspects of reality that are gonna remain undescribed.발음듣기
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There are aspects of reality that cannot be described in the language of the natural sciences.발음듣기
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Here is a thought experiment originally made up by a philosopher by the name of Frank Jackson.발음듣기
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Scientists have taught her everything that they know about the physics, chemistry, and biology of colored things and color vision.발음듣기
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So, for example, Mary knows, with respect to redness, she knows the reflective properties of things that reflect red light.발음듣기
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She knows what happens when light of that wavelength enters an eye, the way in which it passes through the cornea and hits the retina.발음듣기
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We can imagine, indeed, we can expand this thought experiment so that she doesn't just know everything that current scientists, the scientists around us nowadays, know about the vision of red.발음듣기
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She knows everything that science of any kind, any kind of language of natural science, could ever communicate with respect to the vision of red.발음듣기
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So, if you were to give her any kind of exam, she would ace it, when it comes to the science of redness, what it is to see a red thing.발음듣기
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Nonetheless, in spite of all this knowledge, it might seem as if there's something that Mary doesn't know.발음듣기
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We can suppose that, for the first time, Mary is about to be confronted with a red thing, a ripe tomato.발음듣기
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There is the red tomato. Now, one thing it would be very natural for Mary to say in this context is "Wow, I've just learned something.발음듣기
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Let's suppose that's right. If that is right, then it would seem as if there's stuff to know that can't be described in the language of the natural sciences.발음듣기
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That's what's nowadays know as The Knowledge Argument for thinking that there are aspects of the world that can't be described in the language of the natural sciences, that are nonphysical.발음듣기
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That example was quite elaborate. We didn't need quite such an elaborate thought experiment.발음듣기
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Just as Mary doesn't know what it's like to see red or what it's like to see blue before she actually sees a red thing or sees a blue thing, so one might think that somebody who doesn't know what it's like to taste coffee doesn't know what it's like to taste coffee prior to tasting coffee for the first time.발음듣기
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Let's try to put this argument, what I just said, in a slightly more rigorous and careful way.발음듣기
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Okay, premise one of the argument is this: before drinking the coffee, you know all facts that are describable in the language of natural sciences.발음듣기
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That seems good as well. you're like, "Whoa, that's what it's like to drink coffee. I always wondered.발음듣기
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