Religion: Cosmological argument part 1

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Religion: Cosmological argument part 1발음듣기

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(intro music) Hello, I'm Dr. Timothy Yenter, assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Mississippi.발음듣기

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I'll be talking about the cosmological argument, which we'll be breaking down into a couple of parts.발음듣기

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Now, the cosmological argument is an argument for the existence of God, and like most arguments for the existence of God, it gets its name from its starting point.발음듣기

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The cosmological argument starts from the existence of the cosmos, which is the collection of everything that exists.발음듣기

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The basic idea at the heart of the various versions of the cosmological argument is that the existence of something, this rock, that bird flying, this universe, requires an explanation.발음듣기

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This is often phrased in the following way: the existence of this object, or the whole universe, demands that there be a cause, and this cause must be God.발음듣기

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Notice that this is really a two-stage argument.발음듣기

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The first stage is to establish that there must be a cause.발음듣기

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The second stage is to explain what this cause is like.발음듣기

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In these talks, I will be focusing on the first stage, but at the end I'll have a little bit to say about what we could know about the cause of the universe from these arguments.발음듣기

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The cosmological argument has two versions.발음듣기

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It actually has many versions, but I'll be talking about two of them.발음듣기

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The first one, I'll call "the beginnings argument."발음듣기

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It's sometimes also called "the Kalam argument."발음듣기

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Then the second one is the modal argument.발음듣기

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And I'll explain what those terms mean.발음듣기

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You don't need to know what they are yet.발음듣기

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The beginnings argument is that whatever begins to exist must have a cause.발음듣기

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The universe began to exist. Therefore, the universe must have a cause.발음듣기

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Two premises and a conclusion. A very simple, direct argument, but one with potentially profound implications.발음듣기

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We'll begin by examining the second premise.발음듣기

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There are two kinds of arguments that attempt to show that the second premise is true: philosophical arguments and scientific arguments.발음듣기

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The philosophical arguments attempt to rule out the possibility that the universe exists, but has no beginning.발음듣기

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So let's think about this first.발음듣기

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Chances are, you're watching this on a computer.발음듣기

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Where did your computer come from?발음듣기

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Well, it was probably assembled in a factory from a variety of metals and plastics, which were, in turn, formed or refined in factories from materials present in the earth.발음듣기

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These elements in the earth were formed through various natural processes over long periods of time.발음듣기

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Each step of the way, there was some combination of matter and energy.발음듣기

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And at each of these steps, we could talk about where that matter and energy came from, by describing some previous state of the world that contained matter and energy.발음듣기

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And we could explain that by going back to an earlier stage, and so on.발음듣기

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At each step, there is a cause that explains why things are the way the are.발음듣기

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In theory, this kind of explanation could go on forever.발음듣기

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Or could it? Does it make sense to talk about an infinite series of causes?발음듣기

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Well, we seem to deal with infinite series all the time.발음듣기

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For instance, there is an infinite series of whole numbers, that is, one, two, three, four, and so on.발음듣기

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And we have an OK grasp of what that means in some obscure way.발음듣기

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But does it make sense to say that there is an infinite series that has actually passed by now?발음듣기

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This would be more like someone counting off the whole numbers, one per second.발음듣기

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If someone were to say "one" at the first second, and "two" at the next second, and so on, could they have gone through an infinite number of seconds by now?발음듣기

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Now, that's tough. A lot of ink has been spilled over whether there are real or only imagined paradoxes involving infinite series.발음듣기

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Some have claimed that there is no problem at all with infinite series already passed.발음듣기

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For instance, just to mention one.발음듣기

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Imagine a super counter. A super counter is someone who counts like this: In the first second, they say "one."발음듣기

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In the next half second, they say "two."발음듣기

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In the next quarter second, they say "three."발음듣기

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In the next eighth second, they say "four."발음듣기

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Super counting this way, they could count an infinite number of times before the next second passes.발음듣기

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As long as at least two seconds have passed in the universe, and we could all agree to that, then an infinite series has passed.발음듣기

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Now some philosophers have argued that this is the wrong sort of infinite series.발음듣기

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Something to think about is whether causes could work in this super counting way.발음듣기

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But we will set this aside, because there's another way to defend the second premise of this version of the cosmological argument.발음듣기

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The second kind of support for the claim that the universe had a beginning is that this is what our best science has shown.발음듣기

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Isn't the big bang just a claim that the universe had a beginning of a particular, interesting sort?발음듣기

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We have considered objections to the second premise.발음듣기

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What about objections to the first premise?발음듣기

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An important objection to the first premise is that the principle is a good one, but it's a good principle within the universe.발음듣기

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It's not a principle that can be applied to the universe as a whole.발음듣기

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This objection could be stated in various ways.발음듣기

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A specific version of this response is that the big bang is not a beginning as we usually think of beginnings.발음듣기

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It is not a beginning of something in time, but the beginning of time itself.발음듣기

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So the usual rules do not apply.발음듣기

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A second way to put this objection: by saying that there is a fallacy of composition going on.발음듣기

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A fallacy of composition is saying that because the parts of an object all have a property, then so must the whole.발음듣기

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It's a fallacy because, while it seems attractive, it's not a reliable argument.발음듣기

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Consider this argument. All the atoms of your body are invisible to the naked eye.발음듣기

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Your body is just these atoms.발음듣기

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Therefore, your body is invisible to the naked eye.발음듣기

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But this conclusion is obviously false, even though both the premises are true.발음듣기

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Is the same mistake happening in the case of the universe having a cause because it has a beginning, in the same way that things within the universe must have a cause because they have a beginning?발음듣기

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Is there some mistake going on from the move from the part to the whole?발음듣기

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Perhaps to answer this question will turn on whether or not we can establish that the principle stated in the first premise is only true in our universe, or is a metaphysical principle that applies to the universe itself.발음듣기

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We will consider this issue more as we work through the other version of the cosmological argument in the next video.발음듣기

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