Ethics: Problem of evil part 3발음듣기
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Ethics: Problem of evil part 3
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(intro music) Hi, my name is Greg Ganssle and I'm a part-time lecturer in the Department of Philosophy at Yale University, and a Senior Fellow at the Rivendell Institute.발음듣기
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In previous discussions, we've seen the charge of contradiction or the deductive logical problem of evil discussed.발음듣기
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And this is the claim that there is a contradiction in asserting that God exists, God is wholly good, all-powerful, and all-knowing, and that evil exists.발음듣기
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The solution to this charge of contradiction, we found, was in the idea that God might have a good reason to allow evil.발음듣기
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It's from this point that the second major argument in the philosophical problem of evil begins.발음듣기
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Just like a unicorn might exist but they're awfully hard to find, this argument starts with the idea that maybe God has a reason to allow the evil we witness, but it sure seems like there is no reason out there.발음듣기
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The argument is that there are cases of evil like this in the world, and if there are, then God does not exist.발음듣기
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The answer is the first premise, "There are unjustified evils," can only be supported with an evidential case.발음듣기
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Well, William Rowe in his article tells a story of a deer who's caught in a forest fire and suffers horribly for four or five days before she dies.발음듣기
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And he points out that in the case of suffering like this, we cannot see any reason that God might have to allow it.발음듣기
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And we can go through and look at some of the standard reasons God might have to allow evils and show that they don't seem to apply in this case.발음듣기
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For example, human free will seems to be irrelevant especially if the fire was caused by lightning.발음듣기
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Secondly, the fact that it's a good thing to have a regular cause and effect world doesn't seem to apply, because God could always end the deer's misery without really interfering with the regularities of the world.발음듣기
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He said, "We're looking for a reason that God could have to allow this evil," or "We're looking for what we could call a justifying reason."발음듣기
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The evidence we bring to bear to premise one is that, as much as we think about it, we cannot discern a justifying reason, so it seems like there is none.발음듣기
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Then we conclude not that there definitely is no justifying reason, but that it's likely, or probably there is no justifying reason.발음듣기
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Now what Steve Wykstra does with this is he thinks hard about this inference from "It seems like there is no justifying reason" to "Probably, there is no justifying reason."발음듣기
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Well that doesn't seem like a very strong inference, even if you look around the room twice.발음듣기
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What is the difference? The difference can be captured in the sentences of the form "If there were a ____, we would probably know it."발음듣기
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That is true. You look around the room, and a live elephant is something you're going to notice.발음듣기
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If the room is small enough, there aren't a lot of large objects a live elephant could hide behind.발음듣기
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First of all, if God exists, we would expect that many of His reasons for doing things are going to be stuff that we cannot figure out.발음듣기
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Secondly, we can figure out reasons God might have for lots of the evils in the world: things due to free will, due to cause-and-effect universe.발음듣기
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There are lots of evils that we encounter where we can figure out what a justifying reason might be.발음듣기
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Third thing: every philosopher recognizes that we're not going to be able to figure out God's reasons in every case.발음듣기
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So we all accept the idea that there are many cases we can figure out and there are many cases we shouldn't be able to figure out.발음듣기
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I think, if you have other reasons to think God exists, then you're in good grounds for saying that this argument is not strong, because the number of cases we cannot figure out is not necessarily so great to render existence of God unlikely.발음듣기
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This is one of those cases where both the theist and the atheist can say that the other side can be perfectly rational in their beliefs.발음듣기
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He says he thinks it's perfectly reasonable for a theist to continue to believe in God even in spite of this argument.발음듣기
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So we've looked at the evidential argument from evil, simply one version of it by William Rowe.발음듣기
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And I've explained how a theist can respond, to see whether it's still reasonable to believe in God.발음듣기
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