Ethics: The Problem of Evil발음듣기
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Ethics: The Problem of Evil
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Today, we're going to discuss an argument in favor of atheism, in favor of the belief that God doesn't exist.발음듣기
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There are plenty of people who are arational theists, because they believe in God based on faith.발음듣기
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Faith is often thought to be believing something in spite of the fact that you don't have evidence for it, and it's completely common for people to believe things without evidence, right?발음듣기
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All those sorts of things. But we're talking here about evidence, where "evidence" is "some information "that lends credibility to the claim, "in the sense that it's more likely to be true "if you have the evidence."발음듣기
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Okay, so arational theism, as I said, is a common position, but we're not really gonna talk very much about it today.발음듣기
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The belief in God without evidence, as mentioned, could be just on the basis of a lack of evidence.발음듣기
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But irrational theism is when you hold belief in God, that is, when you hold theism, but there are clear supporting reasons for the opposing view, that is, for atheism.발음듣기
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Now, that's problematic, and we're gonna look a little bit further into why it's problematic.발음듣기
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So a set of beliefs is contradictory if and only if it's not possible for all of them to be true.발음듣기
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Now, it's not necessarily the case that a contradiction needs to involve only two statements.발음듣기
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It can involve three statements. So "all birds can fly," "penguins are birds," "penguins can't fly."발음듣기
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If you hold what it is to fly stable, if you hold what it is to be a bird stable, then you can't hold all these together and have just true beliefs.발음듣기
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Now you could say, "Well, maybe it's not the case that all birds can fly," or, "Maybe it's not the case that all penguins are birds," or maybe you could come up with a modification of what it is to fly so that penguins can fly.발음듣기
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Likewise, "today is Monday" and "it's not the case that today is Monday" - you need to give one up.발음듣기
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Well, that's true. We probably do have contradictory beliefs, but it's not good to have contradictory beliefs.발음듣기
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So if I believe that there's no wall here, and I go walking into the wall, then that's not so good.발음듣기
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So holding beliefs that are false is problematic, and if you hold contradictory beliefs, you know one of them has got to be false, and that's bad.발음듣기
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Another thing is coherent action. Having contradictory beliefs makes it difficult to act coherently.발음듣기
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What do you do? Do you go or not? You both believe that it is and it isn't Monday, so what are you gonna do?발음듣기
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It's hard to act coherently and act in a sensible way to fulfill your obligations, etcetera.발음듣기
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Since one of the beliefs you hold has got to be false, and you can't act on two contradictory beliefs, you can't really act coherently.발음듣기
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So we're talking about whether God exists, and evidence for and against the existence of God.발음듣기
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But there's a particular standard definition in the West, that God is an all-perfect being, a being at least who has these three features: a god is all-knowing (which is to be omniscient), all-powerful (which is to be omnipotent), and to be wholly good (or omnibenevolent).발음듣기
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We're gonna call the combination of these features "OOO" ("O-O-O") Because they're pretty good ooo features.발음듣기
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Let's go ahead and now look at the argument that suggests that atheism is the rational view to hold, the one that there's the greatest evidence to believe.발음듣기
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Now I use "he, she, or it" because, of course, I don't know whether there's a God, and if there is, whether it's a he, she, or it, or at least for the purposes of the discussion, we're not gonna assume anything like that.발음듣기
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Well, why's that? Well, if a god were all-knowing, then that god would know when evil was going to occur (or that it occurred), would have the power to make it not occur, and is wholly good, so would also have the motivation to make it not occur.발음듣기
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So this combination of omniscience, omnipotence, and omnibenevolence suggests that if a god were truly OOO, there would be no evil.발음듣기
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That might be one of the questions that comes up when we consider objections to the argument.발음듣기
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It appears, certainly appears, that there's evil: lynching, terrorism, the death of innocent babies.발음듣기
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Well, this one, that God is OOO, that one is hard to reject because that's just how we've defined what God is.발음듣기
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And so once we assume God exists, and we assume that there is evil in the world, which is hard to deny, we get a contradiction.발음듣기
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And so the thing that's most likely to be false, according to the argument, is number (3), that God exists.발음듣기
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But these just seem to be part of the definition of all-knowing, all-powerful, and wholly good.발음듣기
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If we assume a certain kind of God, an OOO God, and we really take seriously the perfection of that God (all-knowing, all-powerful, omnibenevolent,) then once we assume that kind of God, and that there exists some evil in the world, then we've got a contradiction.발음듣기
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So the theist is left with this position: either the theist has to say there is no evil in the world, or the theist has to give up one of these features of their God.발음듣기
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And so now we're in a position to say, "If you don't want to do that, "you are an irrational theist," that there is compelling evidence that God does not exist, God of this OOO kind does not exist, and yet, you believe anyway.발음듣기
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We saw before that belief in contradictions is a bad thing, and you ought to avoid it wherever you can.발음듣기
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