Is rising inequality necessarily bad?

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Is rising inequality necessarily bad?발음듣기

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The word inequality, by its very nature, at least sounds, sounds a little bit unfair.발음듣기

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Obviously, everyone's not getting the same thing.발음듣기

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They're not getting the same income, or they don't have the same wealth, but a question needs to be asked is, is this necessarily a bad thing, and even if it is a bad thing, are the ways of fixing it or trying to address it, could they make matters worse in some way, especially for the people that you're trying to help?발음듣기

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And, once again, my goal here is to not tell you one way or the other, but to at least give you frameworks for thinking about this.발음듣기

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So, let's just think about a world where we have kind of a fixed-pie economy, and there, increasing inequality is clearly not doing good for the people who have less resources.발음듣기

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So, let's imagine a fixed-pie economy.발음듣기

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So, let's say this rectangle right over here represents the total national income in a given period.발음듣기

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So, year one, this is the total national income, total national income, and let's say that in year one the top 10 percent of earners, the top 10 percent of earners, make a third of the national income, so, they make a third of the national income.발음듣기

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This is the top 10 percent.발음듣기

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Now, let me be very clear.발음듣기

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This area right over here is not 10 % of the whole rectangle.발음듣기

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This is 35 percent, or actually this is a third, so, this is going to be 33.발음듣기

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This is one-third of the entire rectangle, but it's the income from the top 10 percent.발음듣기

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Income from the top 10 percent.발음듣기

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Now, that would mean that the other 90 percent, other 90 percent, is essentially splitting the remaining two-thirds of national income between them.발음듣기

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So, if you take this reality, and if the total pie, so, let's do a static pie right over here, so pie stays the same, so pie, and when I say pie, I'm talking about this square thing here.발음듣기

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I guess it doesn't look too much like a pie, so maybe I don't call it a pie. So, national income static.발음듣기

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So, it's not changing right over here.발음듣기

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So, then you have, let me try to draw a rectangle of the same size, of the same size, and if you have increasing inequality in this situation, then you might have the top 10 percent of earners by, let's just say this is year 10, year 10 right over here, maybe instead of having one-third of the national income, maybe they have 50 percent of the national income, and I'm just picking round numbers for simplicity.발음듣기

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So, this right over here is one-half of national income now from the top 10 percent. From the top 10 percent.발음듣기

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So, clearly, if this happens, the other 90 percent are now splitting only one-half of the national income.발음듣기

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So, this is the other 90 percent right over here.발음듣기

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So, here it's essentially a zero-sum game.발음듣기

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If you had a static economy, if it was not growing at all, then, of course, rising inequality would mean that these people, right over, the other 90 percent, are going to have lower per capita, I guess you could say income, lower per capita GDP.발음듣기

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They're going to have a lower standard of living.발음듣기

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So, they're not doing good in this situation.발음듣기

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But, let's think of the other way, of where you do have economic growth, and economic growth that's enough so even if you have some inequality, the growth more than offsets that, so that these, the other 90 percent, is still better off.발음듣기

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So, let's see if we can visualize that.발음듣기

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So, economic growth, economic growth, and let's say your pie has grown dramatically over 10 years, and I'm just, maybe I'm exaggerating a little bit for the sake of discussion.발음듣기

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So, let me draw it like this.발음듣기

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So, I'll try to do about the same height, but now, our whole economy, let's say our whole economy has doubled, our whole economy has doubled here, and now in this situation, let's say you still have this wealth inequality growing.발음듣기

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So, the top 10 percent in year one having one-third of national income.발음듣기

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Let's say that it still goes to one-half of national income in year 10, so one-half of national income.발음듣기

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So, I can draw that a little bit neater.발음듣기

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So, half of national income right over there, half of national income, so one-half of national income.발음듣기

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So, this is still a situation where you've had inequality increase, but the half of national income that's going to have to be split between the other 90 percent has still grown fairly dramatically, if we assume that I've drawn it pretty close to proportional.발음듣기

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So, let me just copy and paste this. So, copy and paste.발음듣기

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So, this is how much was being split amongst the other 90 percent in year one,발음듣기

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and notice, it's much smaller than how much is being split by the other 90 percent, and actually,발음듣기

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let me put it right over here, than the other 90 percent in year 10, and if we assume that the population hasn't grown by this amount,발음듣기

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it's grown by something smaller than this, or maybe the population has been relatively stable, then your per capita, your per capita GDP, your per capita income is actually going to improve.발음듣기

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So, this is a situation here where even though inequality has increased, because the pie has gotten bigger, these people are better off.발음듣기

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These people are better off, and so, that leads to really one of the fundamental questions, especially when you're thinking about economic systems, is that you have this market system, this capitalist system, this market economy, a market economy, and at least in the recent history, it's shown us that, hey, this leads to growth, wealth creation, so pie, so economic growth, economic growth, but it also leads to inequality.발음듣기

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It also leads to Inequality. Inequality is an inevitable by-product.발음듣기

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Inequality. Now, the question you might have to ask is, well, look, is this necessarily bad?발음듣기

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If this economic growth is enough, everyone is better off.발음듣기

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It doesn't matter if some people are even more better off than other people, but everyone is better off, and it's important to think about if you try to just focus on inequality, just focus on inequality, are you also going to stop this from happening?발음듣기

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Another way of thinking about it, if you're one of the people in this situation right over here, you're the other 90 percent, would you rather stay in this world, where you're in a static pie and inequality is not increasing, or would you rather go to this world right over here?발음듣기

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Now, once again, the point of my video isn't to say that this world is necessarily going to happen.발음듣기

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There could be a world where your total economic growth was less than this, and the pie got bigger, and these people are not as well off,발음듣기

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but the whole point of this is just to highlight that inequality is not necessarily always going to lead to the people, I guess who are getting less of the pie, being worse off, if the pie grows fast enough, and the other thing to realize is, well, sometimes, in an attempt to lessen inequality, you might also stifle economic growth, and that might keep everyone from being better off in this scenario right over here.발음듣기

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So, once again, it really depends on the context, it really depends on the situation and the variables and the numbers you're looking at, but I just really want to emphasize that there's no such thing as, hey, if there's rising inequality it's going to hurt always the other 90 percent.발음듣기

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It'll definitely benefit the people who are maybe in the top 10 percent, but it also, because that's a by-product of economic growth, it might make these people better off as well.발음듣기

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