Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome발음듣기
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Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome
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[Dr. Harris] The Catacombs of Priscilla occupy about 10 kilometers or more than five miles of burials.발음듣기
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[Dr. Zucker] This is a labyrinth of narrow passageways directly below the park that we're in.발음듣기
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So if we were to dig down, we would hit the natural tufa, the stone of Rome, which is a soft material, which is why it was ideal for this kind of excavation.발음듣기
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And the reason that the catacomb is located here is that this was the villa of a wealthy Roman woman named Priscilla.발음듣기
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And it seems she donated the land as a place where at first her family would be buried and then eventually the Christian community.발음듣기
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[Dr. Zucker] By the 5th century a lot of people were buried here, some 40,000 tombs have been located.발음듣기
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And on either side of the narrow hall, horizontal niches that are just long enough to accommodate a body.발음듣기
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And these are simply bodies that were swaddled in a shroud and placed into these shelf-like slots which were then covered over with a slab of marble or, for the poor, just simply tiles of terracotta.발음듣기
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[Dr. Zucker] And we think this is because there was grave robbing and people were hunting for relics, which makes sense because some of the people that were buried here were martyrs.발음듣기
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[Dr. Harris] Now, there is a kind of myth or legend around catacombs that they're a secret place where Christians practiced their Christianity during times of persecution.발음듣기
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And it's also important to remember that there were episodes of persecution against Christians but also times when Christianity was somewhat tolerated.발음듣기
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It's not until 313 when Constantine issues the Edict of Milan that Christianity becomes tolerated within the Roman Empire.발음듣기
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[Dr. Zucker] The catacombs themselves seem to go on endlessly, passages branching off with tombs as far as the eye can see.발음듣기
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But what's especially important is that these are the locations where we find the earliest Christian art.발음듣기
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[Dr. Harris] And art historians have wondered why is it that Christianity exists for almost two centuries and we don't have Christian art.발음듣기
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[Dr. Harris] Is it because of prohibition against the making of images because of the Second Commandment?발음듣기
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It is also true that image making, images of individuals and of gods, was very common in the Roman Empire and Christians may have had a desire to separate themselves from Paganism.발음듣기
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[Dr. Zucker] What we do know is that the first images that we found date from the 3rd century from the 200s.발음듣기
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[Dr. Harris] In fact, what we think is the earliest known representation of the Madonna and Child, we see an image of a woman nursing and another that points to the mother and child.발음듣기
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[Dr. Harris] If so, that's a remarkably early image of a subject that would become so common for more than a millennium in western art history.발음듣기
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[Dr. Zucker] And so what we think we see here are numerous scenes that are among the earliest inventions of Christian iconography, of Christian symbolism.발음듣기
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[Dr. Harris] But we also begin to see very specific subject matter that relates to Christian themes of salvation, subjects from both the Old and New Testament.발음듣기
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[Dr. Harris] It was decorated with what arch historians call Roman first style wall painting, that is plaster built up and then painted to imitate marble panels.발음듣기
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[Dr. Zucker] This must have been one of the oldest parts of the catacombs because it is adjacent to the basement of the original house that had been owned by Priscilla.발음듣기
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[Dr. Harris] They refer to divine intervention, to figures who suffered on account of their faith, including the story from the Book of Daniel of three youths in the fiery furnace.발음듣기
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The story from the Old Testament is that these three youths were asked to worship a Pagan golden idol and they refused and were sentenced to be burned alive but were saved.발음듣기
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You can see why this was a subject that really appealed to early Christians who at various times were persecuted for their faith.발음듣기
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There's the Resurrection of Lazarus. [Dr. Harris] These are scenes that refer to the miracles that Christ performed during his life.발음듣기
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And very often in early Christian imagery we have an emphasis on the teaching of Christ, on the miracles that he performed.발음듣기
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And it's really only later that we get the subjects that we are more familiar with of the crucifixion or the resurrection.발음듣기
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[Dr. Zucker] A good example of the way that the portrayal of a scene has changed is the Sacrifice of Isaac.발음듣기
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This is different from what is normally depicted in later Christian art, where we generally see Isaac about to be killed by Abraham.발음듣기
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[Dr. Harris] And you could ask why would the first Christians be painting this Old Testament subject of Abraham and Isaac?발음듣기
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The first Christians looked back to the story of Abraham and Isaac as a type of Christ, that is, Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son foretold, foreshadowed God's willingness to sacrifice his only son, Christ, for the salvation of mankind.발음듣기
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[Dr. Zucker] But one of the most interesting scenes is a scene that is called the Breaking of the Bread.발음듣기
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Simultaneously, there are seven baskets, three on one side and four on the other, filled with bread.발음듣기
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And so there seems to be a reference here not only to the Eucharist but also to the story of the multiplication of loaves and fishes.발음듣기
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[Dr. Harris] Both are reference to a miracle that Christ performed during his life, which is typical in early Christian iconography, but also perhaps a reference to the liturgy, that is, to the practice of the Eucharist, of the bread and wine being taken as the body and blood of Christ.발음듣기
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But looking at that particular image is really quite marvelous, to see the foreshortening of the dishes on the table seen in space.발음듣기
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And it reminds us that these are people that would have had access to various sophisticated Roman painting.발음듣기
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[Dr. Harris] The other cubiculum that we wanted to talk about is known as the Cubiculum of the Veil.발음듣기
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It's actually the same woman being depicted three times, in reference to the woman who is deceased, who was buried in this space.발음듣기
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[Dr. Zucker] And we think that the chair is actually the chair that was used for childbirth as well.발음듣기
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[Dr. Harris] So we have a reference to her marriage, to her motherhood, and then we see her again in the center, this time larger in a pose that arch historians call arrant.발음듣기
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[Dr. Zucker] This is a pose of prayer meant to represent the woman in the afterlife, the woman resurrected.발음듣기
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[Dr. Harris] And so even though her hands are too large for the proportions of her body, her face is represented naturalistically.발음듣기
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[Dr. Zucker] It's important to remember that we are now looking at this painting under electric lights.발음듣기
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[Dr. Harris] And in fact, there are spaces, there are small holes throughout the catacombs where oil lamps would have been placed.발음듣기
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Clearly, the artist was somebody who had been familiar with Roman sculpture and perhaps Roman painting. Christ is represented young.발음듣기
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So the notion here is that Christ will care for his followers the way that a good shepherd cares for his flock.발음듣기
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[Dr. Harris] And although Christ stands naturalistically, he is represented in the center frontal with goats on either side and bushes with the doves on either side.발음듣기
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[Dr. Zucker] And other birds that we think are quail, symbols of the earth, that walk on the earth.발음듣기
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[Dr. Zucker] And then in the four pendentives, there are images of doves with olive branches.발음듣기
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