Ashurbanipal hunting lions

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Ashurbanipal hunting lions발음듣기

(jazz music) Dr. Zucker: We're in the British Museum in London and we're looking at a series of magnificent low reliefs.발음듣기

Dr. Harris: These show a very dramatic lion hunt and it's the king of Assyria who is killing the lions.발음듣기

Dr. Zucker: The Assyrians emerged in Mesopotamia before 1,000 BCE, but increased their power and by the time these reliefs were made in the seventh century BCE, the Assyrians were dominant and really at the height of their civilization.발음듣기

Dr. Harris: The Assyrians had several royal palaces and several capital cities.발음듣기

Ninevah, Nimrud, and Khorsabad. The scenes that we're looking at now are from the royal palace in Ninevah.발음듣기

Dr. Zucker: These would have decorated a hallway.발음듣기

You would have walked through the scene and we're seeing different moments in time.발음듣기

Dr. Harris: Assyrian kings decorated their palaces with these low reliefs depicting battle scenes, hunting scenes.발음듣기

These all speak to the power of the Assyrian kings, but this particular set of reliefs is especially naturalistic and dramatic.발음듣기

These are considered masterpieces of Assyrian sculpture.발음듣기

Dr. Zucker: It's a lion hunt.발음듣기

It's important to understand the symbolism.발음듣기

The lions, which were native to Mesopotamia and, actually, a slightly smaller species that is now extinct, were symbols of the violence of nature and the king killing the lions.발음듣기

By the way, there was a law that said only the king could kill lions.발음듣기

The king killing lions was an important symbolic act that spoke of the king keeping nature at bay, keeping his city safe.발음듣기

Dr. Harris: Even though we see the king killing lions here, he is killing them in an arena.발음듣기

He's not killing them out in the wild.발음듣기

Dr. Zucker: Let's move through the story.발음듣기

On one side of the hallway, we see the king readying for the hunt.발음듣기

Dr. Harris: We can identify the king because of the particular crown that he wears and he's also larger than the other three figures who are helping him to get ready for the hunt.발음듣기

We see one figure with reigns pulling the horses, two other figures turning in the same direction as the king.발음듣기

On the left hand side it's obviously been damaged.발음듣기

Dr. Zucker: I'm really taken with the horses.발음듣기

Dr. Harris: Well, the horses are represented so much more naturalistically.발음듣기

Dr. Zucker: Especially if you look at the musculature of the face, of the eyes. There's tremendous detail.발음듣기

Dr. Harris: And emotion.발음듣기

They look as though they're resisting getting bridled for this hunt.발음듣기

Dr. Zucker: We can see one of those bridles being tightened and we can see two other figures trying to steady the horses.발음듣기

All of this is taking place within an enclosed space and we can see other attendants that are holding a barrier of some sort to pen in these animals.발음듣기

Dr. Harris: Now they're represented below the scene with the king, but we're meant to understand them as being around the king.발음듣기

We have human figures who, although they're striding forward, there's a formality to their poses, but strangely, a informality, I think, to the horses.발음듣기

Dr. Zucker: We'll see that also in the representation of the lions, who are represented quite distinctly from the greater sense of formality that the king displays or his attendants display.발음듣기

We have this division between man and the control of man and then nature and its wildness.발음듣기

As we move to the middle of the panels, we see a very different scene.발음듣기

We've pulled back, our view is more distant, and we see figures much smaller now.발음듣기

We see a hill with lots of figures on it.발음듣기

Dr. Harris: And at the very top what seems to be a monument to the king, showing itself a relief of a hunt with a king in a chariot slaying lions, so it's a representation of a representation of the hunt.발음듣기

Dr. Zucker: It's a relief of a relief. I love that.발음듣기

Dr. Harris: This scene does feel chaotic.발음듣기

Figures gesturing in different ways, climbing in different ways, some looking back, some looking forward.발음듣기

Dr. Zucker: They seem to be hurrying up the hill.발음듣기

They may be fleeing, they may be trying to grab a better position to watch the hunt from, these may be spectators.발음듣기

We think we're seeing men and women, but in fact, this is so old part of this is guesswork.발음듣기

Dr. Harris: Of course, this would have been much easier to read in the palace where the relief was painted.발음듣기

Dr. Zucker: These were painted very brightly, in fact.발음듣기

They really would have stood out.발음듣기

As we move to the right, we come to the arena for the hunt itself.발음듣기

We can see that the lions will be held in place by a double row of soldiers that have shields and spears and then inside that, to ensure that the lions don't even get that far, there's another row of soliders with mastiffs.발음듣기

They're holding spears and those dogs will make sure that the lions don't pass.발음듣기

Dr. Harris: And although these figures are represented one on top of one another, we're meant to understand them as being in rows in depth in space.발음듣기

Dr. Zucker: I love the representation of the dogs.발음듣기

You can see them straining against the leash.발음듣기

Dr. Harris: We have to walk to the other end now to see how the lions have entered the arena.발음듣기

We see another double row of the king's guard and then we see a child releasing a very menacing looking lion into the lion hunt.발음듣기

Dr. Zucker: So this is a completely fabricated hunt. It is controlled.발음듣기

We see the king on chariot. He's shooting an arrow.발음듣기

We see the arrow airborne and then, of course, we see the lions dying all around us.발음듣기

Dr. Harris: Wounded, pierced, some on the ground, some leaping up, represented with such sympathy.발음듣기

Dr. Zucker: The variety is incredible, the detail is incredible.발음듣기

You'll notice that the king is in some danger.발음듣기

There is a lion that was wounded, but is coming back to attack, but his assistants are taking up the rear.발음듣기

Dr. Harris: This all speaks to the power, the authority of the king over nature and representing that power to his people. (jazz music)발음듣기

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