DNA, hot pockets, & the longest word ever발음듣기
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DNA, hot pockets, & the longest word ever
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베트남어 번역 1명 참여
출처 : 칸아카데미
DNA, hot pockets, & the longest word ever
Hank: Okay, roll it.
You know what this is? It is the longest word in the world, like, anywhere, any language, more than 189,000 letters.
If you were to write it down, though I don't know why you would, it would fill up more than 100 pages, and if you could actually say it, without, like, breaking your face, it'd take about 5 hours.
What the frick is this word?
Well, it is the name of the longest known protein on earth, and it's actually in you right now.
Because of its enormous size, it was given the name "Titin" by scientists, and that's with 2 I's; and it's a protein that helps give someone like the springiness to your muscles.
Today we're going to be talking about DNA, and how it, along with 3 versions of its cousin RNA, unleash chemical kung-fu to synthesize proteins just like this.
So, this is gonna take a while to explain, so how about we make ourselves some hot pockets?
(upbeat music with whistling) Mmm, this is my favorite, ham and cheese.
Every time I take a bite I wonder how do they do it?
How do they pack exactly the same flavor into every foiled cardboard-wrapped food-ish item?
Clearly there's got to be some super secret instruction manual kept in a location known only to 2 people, and since I'm talking about biology here, that brings up a related question.
How did I get built from the DNA instructions and biological molecules we've been talking about?
Today, that's what i'm going to do, not actually make hot pockets or a person, but I'm gonna be talking about DNA transcription and translation, which is how we get made into the delicious things that we are today.
Though, hopefully none of us know how delicious people are.
Animals, plants, and also hot pockets, really are nothing more than salty water, carbohydrates, fats, and, you know, proteins combined in precise proportions following very explicit instructions.
Let's say I want to make my own hot pocket. I would have to:1. Break into the lair of the hot pocket company holding the secret manual,
2. Read the instructions on how to make the machinery to produce the hot pocket and the proportions of the ingredients,
3. Quickly write down that information in short hand before I get caught by the hot pocket police,
4. Go home, follow the instructions, build the machinery and mix the ingredients together until I have a perfect hot pocket.
And that is how we get us; very simply, inside the cell's nucleus the DNA instruction manual is copied, gene by gene, by transcription onto a kind of RNA, and then taken out of the lair where the instructions are followed by the process of translation to assemble amino acid strings into polypeptides, or proteins that make up all kinds of stuff from this Titin down here to the keratin in my hair.
But most of the polypeptides that get made aren't structural proteins like hair that are enzymes which go on to act like the assembly machinery, breaking down and building and combining carbohydrates and lipids and proteins that make up variations of cell material.
So, enzymes are just like whatever ingenious machinery they use at the factory to make this.
Okay, let's start out in the lair, I mean the nucleus.
The length of DNA that we're going to be transcribing onto an RNA molecule is called our transcription unit.
And let's say in today's example, that it's going to include the gene that transcribes for our friend Titin, which in humans, it leads to [curves] on chromosome 2.
Now, each transcription unit has a sequence just above it on the stand, and that's called upstream; biologists call that upstream on the strand, and that sequences sort of defines when the transcription unit is going to begin.
This special sequence is the promoter and it almost always contains a sequence of 2 of the 4 nitrogenous bases that we talked about in our last episode, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
Specifically, the promoter is a really simple repetition.
We got thymine, adenine, thymine, adenine, and then A, A, A, and then on the side A, T, 'cause you know how this works, right?
This is called the TATA box, it's nearly universal, and it helps our enzyme figure out where to bind to the strand.
Now, you'll remember from our episode about DNA structure, that DNA strands run in 1 of 2 directions, depending on which end of the strand is free, and which end has a phosphate bond.
1 direction is 5-prime to 3-prime, and the other direction is 3-prime to 5-prime In this case, upstream means toward the 3-prime end, and downstream means toward the 5-prime end.
So, the first enzyme in this process is RNA polymerase, and it copies the DNA sequence downstream of the TATA box, that's toward the 5-prime end and copies it into a similar type of language, messenger RNA.
Quick aside, so you'll notice that to read the DNA in order to make enzymes we need an enzyme in the first place, so it kinda gets chick and egg here, we need the enzyme to make the DNA and the DNA to make the enzyme, so where did RNA polymerase come from in the first place if we haven't made it yet? What an excellent question.
It turns out that all of these basic necessities get handed down from your mom; she packed quite a lot more into her egg than just her DNA, so you know, we had a healthy start. So, thanks mom.
So, the RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at that TATA box and begins to unzip the double helix.
Working along the DNA chain, the enzyme reads the nitrogenous bases, those are the letters, and helps the RNA version of those nitrogenous bases floating around in the nucleus to find their match.
Now, you might also recall from our previous episodes that nitrogenous bases only have 1 counterpart that they can bond with.
But RNA, which is the pink one here, doesn't have thymine like DNA does, which is the green and the blue. Instead, it has uracil.
So, U appears here in T's place as a partner to adenine.
As it moves, the RNA polymerase re-zips the DNA behind it, and let's our new strand of messenger RNA peel the way.
Eventually, the RNA polymerase reaches another sequence downstream, called a termination signal, that triggers it to pull off.
Now, some finishing touches before this info can safely leave the lair, first, a special type of guanine is added to the 5-prime end.
That's the first part of the mRNA that we copied, and that's called the 5-prime cap.
On the other end, it looks like I fell asleep with my finger on the A key of my keyboard, but another enzyme added about 250 adenines onto the 3-prime end.
This is called our poly-A tail.
These caps on either end of the mRNA package make it easier for the mRNA to leave the nucleus; they also help protect it from degredation from nearby passing enzymes, while also making it easier to connect with other organelles later on.
But that's still not the end of it, as if to try to confuse me, to protect the secret hot pocket recipe, the original recipe book also contains lots of extra misleading information.
So, just before leaving the nucleus, that extra information gets cut out of the RNA in a process called RNA splicing, and it's something like editing this video.
This process is really complicated, but I just had to tell you about 2 of the key players because they have such cool names.
1. The snurps, which are small nuclear ribonucleoproteins.
These are combination of RNA and proteins, and they recognize the sequences that signal the start and end of the areas to be spliced.
Snurps budge together with a bunch of other proteins to form the spliceosome, which is what does the actual editing, as it were, breaking the junk segments down so their nitrogenous bases can be reused in DNA or RNA, and sticking together the 2 ends of the good stuff.
That good stuff, that gets spliced together by the way, are called the exons, because they will eventually be expressed.
The junk that gets cut out, are just the intervening segments, or the introns.
The material in the introns will stay in the nucleus and get recycled; so, for instance, Titan down there, is thought to have hundreds of exons when it's all said and done, probably more than 360, which may be more than any other protein, and it also contains the longest intron in humans, some 17,000 base pairs long.
Man, Titan, it is just a world record holder.
So, that it's been protected and refined, the messenger RNA can now move out of the nucleus.
Okay, so quick review of our hot pocket mission impossible caper so far.
We broke into the lair containing the instructions, we copied down those instructions in short hand, we added some protective codings, and then we cut out some extra notes that we didn't need, and then we escaped back out of the lair.
Now, I have to actually read the notes, make the machinery, and assemble the ingredients. This process is called translation.
So, next, rewind your memory, or just watch that video again, to the episode about animal cells.
Do you remember the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
I hope you do, those little dots on the membranes are the ribosomes, and the process messenger RNA gets fed into a ribosome like a dollar bill into a vending machine.
Ribosomes are a mixture of protein and a second kind of RNA called ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, and they act together as a sort of work space. rRNA doesn't contribute any genetic information to the process, instead it has binding sets that allow the incoming mRNA to interact with another special type of RNA, the 3rd in this caper called transfer RNA, or tRNA.
And tRNA really might as well be called translation RNA, because that's what it does; it translates from the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids and proteins.
On one end of the tRNA is an amino acid.
On the other end is this specific sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases.
These 2 ends are kind of matched to each other.
Each of the 20 amino acids that we have in our body has its own sequence at the end.
So, if the tRNA has the amino acid methionine on one end, for instance, it can have UAC as the nucleotide sequence on the other end.
Now, it's just like building the puzzle.
The mRNA slides through the ribosome, the ribosome reads the mRNA 3 letters at a time, each set called a triplet codon.
The ribosome then finds the matching piece of the puzzle, a tRNA with 3 bases that will pair with the codon sequence.
That end of tRNA, by the way, is called the anitcodon. Sorry for all the terminology.
You need to know it!
And of course, by bringing in the matching tRNA, the ribosome is also bringing in whatever amino acid is on that tRNA.
Okay, so starting at the 5-prime end of the mRNA that's fed into the ribosome, after the 5-prime cap for almost every gene, you find the nucleotide sequence AUG on the mRNA.
The ribosome finds a tRNA with the anticodon UAC, and on the other end of that tRNA is methionine.
The mRNA, like a mile long dollar bill, keeps sliding into the ribosome so that the next codon can be read, and another tRNA molecule with the right anticodon binds on.
If the codon is UUA, then the matching tRNA has an AAU on 1 end, and a leucine on the other.
And if the mRNA has an AGA, then the matching tRNA has a UCU on 1 end, and an argenine on the other.
In each case, that new amino acid gets connected onto the previous amino acid, starting a polypeptide chain, which is just the beginning, the very beginning of a protein.
But it turns out that there are lots of different ways to read this code, 'cause UUA is not the only triplet that codes for leucine.
UUG does too, and argenine is coded for by 6 different triplets.
This is actually a good thing, it means we can make a few errors in copying and transcribing and translating DNA, and we won't necessarily change the end product.
The process continues with the mRNA sliding in a bit more, and the ribosome bringing in another tRNA with another amino acid, and that amino acid binding to the existing chain and on, and on, and on, and on, and on.
Sometimes, for thousands of amino acids to make a single polypeptide chain, for example, this whole word is basically just the names of the amino acids in the sequence, in the order in which they occur in the protein, all 34,350 of them.
But, before we can make our own hot pockets, and that string of amino acids becomes my muscle tissue, we have some folding to do.
That's because proteins, in addition to being hella big, can also contort very complex in downright lovely formations.
One key to understanding how a protein works, is to understand how it folds, and scientists have been working for decades on computer programs to try and figure out protein folding.
Now, the actual sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide, what you see scrolling along down there, is called its primary structure.
One amino acid covalently bonded to another, and that one to another, and to another in a single file.
But some amino acids don't like to just hold hands with 2 others, they're a bit more promiscuous than that.
The hydrogens on the main backbone of the amino acids like to sometimes form bonds on the side.
Hydrogen bonds to the oxygens on amino acids a few doors down.
When they do that, depending on the primary structure, they bend, and fold, and twist into a chain of spirals called a helix.
We sometimes also find several kinked strands laying parallel to one another called pleated sheets.
All those hydrogen bonds and pleated sheets are what makes silk strong, for instance.
So, in the end, our promiscuous amino acids lead to wrinkled sheets.
These hydrogen bonds are what help give these polypeptides their secondary structure, but it doesn't end there.
Remember the R groups that define each amino acid?
Well, some of them are hydrophobic, and since the protein is in the cell, which is mostly water, all of those hydrophobic groups try to hide from the water by huddling together.
And that can bend up the chain some more.
Other R groups are hydrophilic, which if nothing else, means that they like to form hydrogen bonds with other hydrophilic R groups.
So, we get more bonding, then more bending, and our single-file line has now taken on a massively complex, 3-dimensional shape.
It also explains why I can fix my bed head by wetting my hair with water.
The water helps break some of those hydrogen bonds in the keratin, which relaxes its structure.
That way I can comb it out, and when it dries, those bonds reform, and viola, perfect hair!
All of this shape caused by bonding between R groups gives our polypeptide its tertiary structure.
So, now we have a massively contorted polypeptide chain, and it actually contorts very precisely.
Sometimes just 1 chain is what makes up the whole enzyme or protein, and other proteins like hemoglobin, several different chains come together to form a quaternary structure. So, quick review of structure.
The sequence is the primary structure.
The backbone of hydrogen bonds forming sheets and spirals are the secondary structure.
R group bonds are tertiary, and the arrangement of multiple proteins together give the quaternary structure.
These polypeptides are either structural proteins, like this thing at the bottom here, which you can find in your muscle, or in my hot pocket, they might also be enzymes.
Enzymes like do stuff, they can cut up biological molecules like I do with a chef's knife, they can mix stuff, and they can put stuff together.
So, from that 1 recipe book, we get all the ingredients and all the tools necessary to make me, which is better than a hot pocket. Would you all agree?
번역
0%
You know what this is? It is the longest word in the world, like, anywhere, any language, more than 189,000 letters.발음듣기
대기중
If you were to write it down, though I don't know why you would, it would fill up more than 100 pages, and if you could actually say it, without, like, breaking your face, it'd take about 5 hours.발음듣기
대기중
Well, it is the name of the longest known protein on earth, and it's actually in you right now.발음듣기
대기중
Because of its enormous size, it was given the name "Titin" by scientists, and that's with 2 I's; and it's a protein that helps give someone like the springiness to your muscles.발음듣기
대기중
Today we're going to be talking about DNA, and how it, along with 3 versions of its cousin RNA, unleash chemical kung-fu to synthesize proteins just like this.발음듣기
대기중
Clearly there's got to be some super secret instruction manual kept in a location known only to 2 people, and since I'm talking about biology here, that brings up a related question.발음듣기
대기중
How did I get built from the DNA instructions and biological molecules we've been talking about?발음듣기
대기중
Today, that's what i'm going to do, not actually make hot pockets or a person, but I'm gonna be talking about DNA transcription and translation, which is how we get made into the delicious things that we are today.발음듣기
대기중
Animals, plants, and also hot pockets, really are nothing more than salty water, carbohydrates, fats, and, you know, proteins combined in precise proportions following very explicit instructions.발음듣기
대기중
Let's say I want to make my own hot pocket. I would have to:1. Break into the lair of the hot pocket company holding the secret manual,발음듣기
대기중
2. Read the instructions on how to make the machinery to produce the hot pocket and the proportions of the ingredients,발음듣기
대기중
3. Quickly write down that information in short hand before I get caught by the hot pocket police,발음듣기
대기중
4. Go home, follow the instructions, build the machinery and mix the ingredients together until I have a perfect hot pocket.발음듣기
대기중
And that is how we get us; very simply, inside the cell's nucleus the DNA instruction manual is copied, gene by gene, by transcription onto a kind of RNA, and then taken out of the lair where the instructions are followed by the process of translation to assemble amino acid strings into polypeptides, or proteins that make up all kinds of stuff from this Titin down here to the keratin in my hair.발음듣기
대기중
But most of the polypeptides that get made aren't structural proteins like hair that are enzymes which go on to act like the assembly machinery, breaking down and building and combining carbohydrates and lipids and proteins that make up variations of cell material.발음듣기
대기중
So, enzymes are just like whatever ingenious machinery they use at the factory to make this.발음듣기
대기중
The length of DNA that we're going to be transcribing onto an RNA molecule is called our transcription unit.발음듣기
대기중
And let's say in today's example, that it's going to include the gene that transcribes for our friend Titin, which in humans, it leads to [curves] on chromosome 2.발음듣기
대기중
Now, each transcription unit has a sequence just above it on the stand, and that's called upstream; biologists call that upstream on the strand, and that sequences sort of defines when the transcription unit is going to begin.발음듣기
대기중
This special sequence is the promoter and it almost always contains a sequence of 2 of the 4 nitrogenous bases that we talked about in our last episode, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.발음듣기
대기중
We got thymine, adenine, thymine, adenine, and then A, A, A, and then on the side A, T, 'cause you know how this works, right?발음듣기
대기중
This is called the TATA box, it's nearly universal, and it helps our enzyme figure out where to bind to the strand.발음듣기
대기중
Now, you'll remember from our episode about DNA structure, that DNA strands run in 1 of 2 directions, depending on which end of the strand is free, and which end has a phosphate bond.발음듣기
대기중
1 direction is 5-prime to 3-prime, and the other direction is 3-prime to 5-prime In this case, upstream means toward the 3-prime end, and downstream means toward the 5-prime end.발음듣기
대기중
So, the first enzyme in this process is RNA polymerase, and it copies the DNA sequence downstream of the TATA box, that's toward the 5-prime end and copies it into a similar type of language, messenger RNA.발음듣기
대기중
Quick aside, so you'll notice that to read the DNA in order to make enzymes we need an enzyme in the first place, so it kinda gets chick and egg here, we need the enzyme to make the DNA and the DNA to make the enzyme, so where did RNA polymerase come from in the first place if we haven't made it yet? What an excellent question.발음듣기
대기중
It turns out that all of these basic necessities get handed down from your mom; she packed quite a lot more into her egg than just her DNA, so you know, we had a healthy start. So, thanks mom.발음듣기
대기중
So, the RNA polymerase binds to the DNA at that TATA box and begins to unzip the double helix.발음듣기
대기중
Working along the DNA chain, the enzyme reads the nitrogenous bases, those are the letters, and helps the RNA version of those nitrogenous bases floating around in the nucleus to find their match.발음듣기
대기중
Now, you might also recall from our previous episodes that nitrogenous bases only have 1 counterpart that they can bond with.발음듣기
대기중
But RNA, which is the pink one here, doesn't have thymine like DNA does, which is the green and the blue. Instead, it has uracil.발음듣기
대기중
As it moves, the RNA polymerase re-zips the DNA behind it, and let's our new strand of messenger RNA peel the way.발음듣기
대기중
Eventually, the RNA polymerase reaches another sequence downstream, called a termination signal, that triggers it to pull off.발음듣기
대기중
Now, some finishing touches before this info can safely leave the lair, first, a special type of guanine is added to the 5-prime end.발음듣기
대기중
On the other end, it looks like I fell asleep with my finger on the A key of my keyboard, but another enzyme added about 250 adenines onto the 3-prime end.발음듣기
대기중
These caps on either end of the mRNA package make it easier for the mRNA to leave the nucleus; they also help protect it from degredation from nearby passing enzymes, while also making it easier to connect with other organelles later on.발음듣기
대기중
But that's still not the end of it, as if to try to confuse me, to protect the secret hot pocket recipe, the original recipe book also contains lots of extra misleading information.발음듣기
대기중
So, just before leaving the nucleus, that extra information gets cut out of the RNA in a process called RNA splicing, and it's something like editing this video.발음듣기
대기중
This process is really complicated, but I just had to tell you about 2 of the key players because they have such cool names.발음듣기
대기중
These are combination of RNA and proteins, and they recognize the sequences that signal the start and end of the areas to be spliced.발음듣기
대기중
Snurps budge together with a bunch of other proteins to form the spliceosome, which is what does the actual editing, as it were, breaking the junk segments down so their nitrogenous bases can be reused in DNA or RNA, and sticking together the 2 ends of the good stuff.발음듣기
대기중
That good stuff, that gets spliced together by the way, are called the exons, because they will eventually be expressed.발음듣기
대기중
The material in the introns will stay in the nucleus and get recycled; so, for instance, Titan down there, is thought to have hundreds of exons when it's all said and done, probably more than 360, which may be more than any other protein, and it also contains the longest intron in humans, some 17,000 base pairs long.발음듣기
대기중
So, that it's been protected and refined, the messenger RNA can now move out of the nucleus.발음듣기
대기중
We broke into the lair containing the instructions, we copied down those instructions in short hand, we added some protective codings, and then we cut out some extra notes that we didn't need, and then we escaped back out of the lair.발음듣기
대기중
Now, I have to actually read the notes, make the machinery, and assemble the ingredients. This process is called translation.발음듣기
대기중
So, next, rewind your memory, or just watch that video again, to the episode about animal cells.발음듣기
대기중
I hope you do, those little dots on the membranes are the ribosomes, and the process messenger RNA gets fed into a ribosome like a dollar bill into a vending machine.발음듣기
대기중
Ribosomes are a mixture of protein and a second kind of RNA called ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, and they act together as a sort of work space. rRNA doesn't contribute any genetic information to the process, instead it has binding sets that allow the incoming mRNA to interact with another special type of RNA, the 3rd in this caper called transfer RNA, or tRNA.발음듣기
대기중
And tRNA really might as well be called translation RNA, because that's what it does; it translates from the language of nucleotides into the language of amino acids and proteins.발음듣기
대기중
So, if the tRNA has the amino acid methionine on one end, for instance, it can have UAC as the nucleotide sequence on the other end.발음듣기
대기중
The mRNA slides through the ribosome, the ribosome reads the mRNA 3 letters at a time, each set called a triplet codon.발음듣기
대기중
The ribosome then finds the matching piece of the puzzle, a tRNA with 3 bases that will pair with the codon sequence.발음듣기
대기중
And of course, by bringing in the matching tRNA, the ribosome is also bringing in whatever amino acid is on that tRNA.발음듣기
대기중
Okay, so starting at the 5-prime end of the mRNA that's fed into the ribosome, after the 5-prime cap for almost every gene, you find the nucleotide sequence AUG on the mRNA.발음듣기
대기중
The ribosome finds a tRNA with the anticodon UAC, and on the other end of that tRNA is methionine.발음듣기
대기중
The mRNA, like a mile long dollar bill, keeps sliding into the ribosome so that the next codon can be read, and another tRNA molecule with the right anticodon binds on.발음듣기
대기중
If the codon is UUA, then the matching tRNA has an AAU on 1 end, and a leucine on the other.발음듣기
대기중
And if the mRNA has an AGA, then the matching tRNA has a UCU on 1 end, and an argenine on the other.발음듣기
대기중
In each case, that new amino acid gets connected onto the previous amino acid, starting a polypeptide chain, which is just the beginning, the very beginning of a protein.발음듣기
대기중
But it turns out that there are lots of different ways to read this code, 'cause UUA is not the only triplet that codes for leucine.발음듣기
대기중
This is actually a good thing, it means we can make a few errors in copying and transcribing and translating DNA, and we won't necessarily change the end product.발음듣기
대기중
The process continues with the mRNA sliding in a bit more, and the ribosome bringing in another tRNA with another amino acid, and that amino acid binding to the existing chain and on, and on, and on, and on, and on.발음듣기
대기중
Sometimes, for thousands of amino acids to make a single polypeptide chain, for example, this whole word is basically just the names of the amino acids in the sequence, in the order in which they occur in the protein, all 34,350 of them.발음듣기
대기중
But, before we can make our own hot pockets, and that string of amino acids becomes my muscle tissue, we have some folding to do.발음듣기
대기중
That's because proteins, in addition to being hella big, can also contort very complex in downright lovely formations.발음듣기
대기중
One key to understanding how a protein works, is to understand how it folds, and scientists have been working for decades on computer programs to try and figure out protein folding.발음듣기
대기중
Now, the actual sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide, what you see scrolling along down there, is called its primary structure.발음듣기
대기중
One amino acid covalently bonded to another, and that one to another, and to another in a single file.발음듣기
대기중
But some amino acids don't like to just hold hands with 2 others, they're a bit more promiscuous than that.발음듣기
대기중
The hydrogens on the main backbone of the amino acids like to sometimes form bonds on the side.발음듣기
대기중
When they do that, depending on the primary structure, they bend, and fold, and twist into a chain of spirals called a helix.발음듣기
대기중
We sometimes also find several kinked strands laying parallel to one another called pleated sheets.발음듣기
대기중
These hydrogen bonds are what help give these polypeptides their secondary structure, but it doesn't end there.발음듣기
대기중
Well, some of them are hydrophobic, and since the protein is in the cell, which is mostly water, all of those hydrophobic groups try to hide from the water by huddling together.발음듣기
대기중
Other R groups are hydrophilic, which if nothing else, means that they like to form hydrogen bonds with other hydrophilic R groups.발음듣기
대기중
So, we get more bonding, then more bending, and our single-file line has now taken on a massively complex, 3-dimensional shape.발음듣기
대기중
The water helps break some of those hydrogen bonds in the keratin, which relaxes its structure.발음듣기
대기중
All of this shape caused by bonding between R groups gives our polypeptide its tertiary structure.발음듣기
대기중
So, now we have a massively contorted polypeptide chain, and it actually contorts very precisely.발음듣기
대기중
Sometimes just 1 chain is what makes up the whole enzyme or protein, and other proteins like hemoglobin, several different chains come together to form a quaternary structure. So, quick review of structure.발음듣기
대기중
R group bonds are tertiary, and the arrangement of multiple proteins together give the quaternary structure.발음듣기
대기중
These polypeptides are either structural proteins, like this thing at the bottom here, which you can find in your muscle, or in my hot pocket, they might also be enzymes.발음듣기
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Enzymes like do stuff, they can cut up biological molecules like I do with a chef's knife, they can mix stuff, and they can put stuff together.발음듣기
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