Ecology - Rules for living on earth발음듣기
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Ecology - Rules for living on earth
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스페인어 번역 1명 참여
출처 : 칸아카데미
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Voiceover: For the last 38 episodes of Crash Course Biology, we've talked about how to make an organism.발음듣기
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There are molecules that make up organelles that run cells which come together to form tissues, which make up organs that make up systems.발음듣기
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Knowing this stuff is incredibly important because it shows us the ground rules for being a living thing on this particular planet anyway.발음듣기
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I mean understanding how an organism goes about its internal business is great, but it doesn't tell us much about its place in our world.발음듣기
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Ecology seeks to explain why the world looks and acts the way that it does; why the South Pole looks different from the Congo; and why there are mosquitoes all over the place while black rhinos are practically extinct.발음듣기
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The short answer to this question is because the world is crammed with things, both animate and not that have been interacting with each other all the time every day since life on this planet began.발음듣기
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The even shorter answer is that all life and all of these things interacting with each other depend on just two things.발음듣기
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In the meantime, get ready because Crash Course Biology is taking its final voyage outside the body and into the entire world.발음듣기
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(lively music) In a way, you could think of all living things, great white sharks, pond scum, potato plants as molecules that react with each other.발음듣기
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Each one of us organisms is pretty piddling in the scheme of things just like a single oxygen molecule which we need to make ATP to fuel our bodies.발음듣기
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If you get a million oxygen molecules together with some other types of molecules, suddenly they're unleashing a google jillion megawatts of ATP power to animate the bag of meat that is you.발음듣기
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As you put individual organisms together, they can interact with each other in their environments to create something larger than the sum of its parts.발음듣기
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Just as every organism has a hierarchy of biological systems from molecules to organelles, to cells, to tissues, to organs,so too does Earth have tiers of ecological order.발음듣기
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When a bunch of members of a species are together in a certain area, and they interact pretty often, you've got a population.발음듣기
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Population ecologists study why populations grow or shrink over time depending on where they are.발음듣기
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You can think of an ecological community as Mr. Rogers' neighborhood, but with the people in the neighborhood eating each other sometimes.발음듣기
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Sometimes that means predation; sometimes cooperation and sometimes competition for resources like food and water and living space.발음듣기
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A community ecologist studies how the interactions between community members and their environment affect how many of each species there are within a community.발음듣기
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Another level up from communities are ecosystems, which are made up of groups of organisms in a specific area and the non-living parts of their environment like soil, and water, and air.발음듣기
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If you take a bunch of living things and plop them down in one place that has a specific mix of climate, and soil chemistry, and topography, that's going make up one kind of ecosystem.발음듣기
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But, you put them down in a completely different place, and they're going to work in completely different ways to form a completely different ecosystem.발음듣기
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Ecosystem ecology specifically explores how energy and materials flow through an ecosystem, and how the physical environment impacts the stuff living there.발음듣기
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A biome, however, is where organisms have evolved similar techniques to adapt to a general set of conditions.발음듣기
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The organisms in each one have made similar evolutionary concessions to all the conditions that grasslands share like your hot summers and your cold winters, and not too much rain, but more rain than you'd find in a desert biome.발음듣기
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The only level above the biome is the biosphere, which includes the atmosphere, and the whole earth, and everything that gets used by anything that's alive.발음듣기
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What makes earth's various populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes different from each other?발음듣기
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Factors that determine what a place is going to look like fall into two different categories, biotic or living, and abiotic, not living.발음듣기
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Biotic factors include stuff like predators as well as animals or plants that provide either competition or some benefit like food or shelter.발음듣기
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Abiotic factors, on the other hand, include temperature, moisture, sun light, elevation, elements that have nothing to do with organisms in the ecosystem, but which influence them just as much as other living things do.발음듣기
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From these two categories, the most influential factors are the ones that living things are most particular about; that is the things that they need most, but only at certain levels.발음듣기
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For example, almost all chemical reactions that happen inside living things are governed by enzymes.발음듣기
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If you look at the places on the Earth with the most biodiversity, or different kinds of [alytic] things, you'll find that it's in the places where the temperature's within the ideal range for enzyme fuction.발음듣기
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What else? Everybody's got to eat, at least if you're an animal or a fungus, or some other kind of heterotroph.발음듣기
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Actually it's plants and other autotrophs like cyanobacteria and [protus] that are the base of nearly every food chain.발음듣기
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The key ingredient plants need for photosynthesis is water, which is also what we need to burn ATP, maintain homeostasis in our bodies, and all that jazz.발음듣기
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Yeah, surprise, water and temperature are the two things that organisms care about the most.발음듣기
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Ergo,they're what ecologists focus on when determining why certain organisms hang out in one place over another.발음듣기
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For instance, a Saguaro cactus has evolved to live in the Sonoran desert of North America, which is super hot and gets very little precipitation.발음듣기
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The Sonoran Desert is full of animals and plants that can, just like the Saguaro,take the heat and also the extreme face-crumbling dryness.발음듣기
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If you put these animals in the Amazon rain forest, even though it's hot enough for them, it's just too wet.발음듣기
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Yeah, the things that live in a biome are ultimately determined by how much water is there and the temperture.발음듣기
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There are the places on the planet that get lots and lots of rain, around 300 centimeters a year; and are petty warm, around 25 to 30 degrees C on average, which is Speedo-wearing weather as far as I'm concerned.발음듣기
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These biomes are the tropical rain forests, which generally hug the equator, and have unbelievably high bio-diversity, because everybody's wantin' to get a piece of that sweet tropical action.발음듣기
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Then, on the complete opposite side of that scale, we have the tundra, most of which is above the Arctic Circle in Antarctica, or way up at the top of some mountains.발음듣기
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What lives there? Not much, a couple of mosses and liverwarts, maybe a few species of grasses, some birds, and a handful of mammals.발음듣기
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The same goes for the desert biome, where there's very little rainfall, and very high temperatures.발음듣기
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Where there aren't a lot of plants, there aren't a lot of other organisms even when temperatures are close to what makes living things happiest.발음듣기
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Between these three extremes, we've got biomes that require more or less water combined with high-ish or low-ish temperatures.발음듣기
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They include temperate grasslands like you find in the North American prairie, or temperate deciduous forests found over much of Europe and North America, and taigas or coniferous forests found across Canada, much of northern Russia, and Scandanavia.발음듣기
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If all these biomes in the middle experience pretty moderate temperatures most of the time, the availability of water must be what makes them different from each other.발음듣기
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If you find yourself in a temperate forest, it's a pretty safe bet that that particular ecosystem gets a fair amount of precipitation.발음듣기
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If the carboniferous forest taught us anything, its that having a bunch of trees around changes the landscape,the climate, and even the geology of a biome.발음듣기
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If you don't have a lot of trees in a biome, it means you probably don't get enough rainfall for their liking.발음듣기
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Without trees, more sun light reaches the ground and gets to grasses and other small plants, leading them more of a temperate grassland ecosystem.발음듣기
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Where you get grass, you get animals like bison, and pronghorn and other ungulates, whose digestive systems are big fermentation vats that process cellulose all day long.발음듣기
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Biomes are different because the plants are different because the rainfall and temperatures are different.발음듣기
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Since water availability isn't an issue in the ocean, marine biomes differ in things like temperature, pressure, oxygen content, how much light is available, and stuff like that.발음듣기
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Thanks to the science of ecology, we know that the way the world works can be explained mostly by temperature and water, but this is just the beginning, my friends.발음듣기
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How do living things affect the climate, the chemical make-up of the atmosphere, even the geology of our planet?발음듣기
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