Eukaryopolis - The city of animal cells발음듣기
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Eukaryopolis - The city of animal cells
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The thing that all of these other things have in common is that they're made out of the same basic building block, the animal cell.발음듣기
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That contains the DNA and calls the shots for the rest of the cell, also containing a bunch of organelles.발음듣기
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Of course, they have oranelles that allow them to make their own food, which is super nice. We don't have those.발음듣기
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If you want to know all about plant cells, we did a whole video on it and you can click on it hit here, if it's online yet; it might not be.발음듣기
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A lot of the stuff in this video is going to apply to all eukaryotic cells, which includes plants and fungi and protists.발음듣기
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Rigid cell walls, that's cool and all, but one of the reasons that animals have been so successful is that their flexible membrane, in addition to allowing them the ability to dance, gives animals the flexibility to create a bunch of different cell types and organ types and tissue types that could never be possible in a plant.발음듣기
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Cell walls that protect plants and give them structure prevent them from evolving complicated nerve structures and muscle cells that allow animals to be such a powerful force for eating plants.발음듣기
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Animals can move around, find shelter and food, find things to mate with, all that good stuff.발음듣기
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In fact, the ability to move oneself around using specialized muscle tissue has been 100% trademarked by kindgom animalia.발음듣기
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Way back in 1665, British scientist Robert Hooke discovered cells with his kind of crude beta version microscope.발음듣기
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He called them cells because they looked like bare, spartan Monk's bedrooms with not much going on inside.발음듣기
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Hooke was a smart guy and everything, but he could not have been more wrong about what was going on inside of a cell.발음듣기
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It has defined geographical limits, a ruling government, power plants, roads, waste treatment plants, a police force, industry, all the things a booming metropolis needs to run smoothly.발음듣기
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But, this city does not have one of those hippy governments where everybody votes on stuff and talks things out at town hall meetings and crap like that.발음듣기
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Nope. Think fascist Italy circa 1938. Think Kim Jong-Il's, I mean Kim Jong-Un's North Korea and you might be getting a closer idea of how eukaryotic cells do their business.발음듣기
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As you approach the city of Eukaryopolis, there's a chance that you will notice something that a traditional city never has, which is either cilia or flagella.발음듣기
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Some eukaryotic cells have either one or the other of these structures; cilia being a bunch of tiny little arms that wriggle around, flagella being one long whip-like tail. Some cells have neither.발음듣기
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Sperm cells, for instance, have flagella and our lungs and throat cells have cilia that push mucus up and out of our lungs.발음듣기
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Cilia and flagella are made out of long protein fibers called microtubules, and they both have the same basic structure; nine pairs of microtubules forming a ring around two central microtubles, this is often called the 9+2 structure.발음듣기
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Anyway, that's just so you know when you're approaching the city, watch out for the cilia and flagella.발음듣기
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If you make it past the cilia, you will encounter what is called a cell membrane, which is a kind of squishy, not rigid plant cell wall, which totally encloses the city and all of its contents.발음듣기
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It's also in charge of monitoring what comes in and out of the cell, kind of like the fascist border police.발음듣기
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The cell membrane has selective pemeability, meaning that it can choose what molecules come in and out of the cells, for the most part.발음듣기
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The landscape of Eukaryopolis, important to note, is kind of wet and squishy; it's a bit of a swampland.발음듣기
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They assemble long microtubules out of proteins that act like steel girders that hold all the cities' building together.발음듣기
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The cytoplasm provides the infrastructure necessary for all the organelles to do all of their awesome amazing business, with the notable exception of the nucleus, which has its own kind of cytoplasm called the nucleoplasm, which is a more luxurious, premium environment befitting the cell's beloved leader.발음듣기
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The endoplasmic reticulum, or just ER, are organelles that create a network of membranes that carry stuff around the cell.발음듣기
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There's the rough and the smooth; fairly similar, but slightly different shapes, slightly different functions.발음듣기
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The rough ER looks all bumpy because it has ribosomes attached to it and the smooth ER doesn't, so it's a smooth network of tubes.발음듣기
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It contains enzymes that help with the creation of important lipids, which you'll recall from our talk about biological molecules, phospolipids and steroids that turn out to be sex hormones.발음듣기
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Other enzymes in the smooth ER specialize in detoxifying substance like noxious stuff derived from drugs and alcohol which they do by adding a carboxyl group to them, making them soluble in water.발음듣기
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Finally, the smooth ER also stores ions in solutions that the cell may need later on, especially sodium ions which are used for energy in muscle cells.발음듣기
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The smooth ER helps makes lipids while the rough ER helps in the synthesis and packaging of proteins.발음듣기
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Ribosomes can float freely throughout the cytoplasm or be attached to the nuclear envelope which is where they're spat out from.발음듣기
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When the protein chain is complete, the ER pinches it off and sends it to the golgi apparatus.발음듣기
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In the city that is the cell, the golgi is the post office, processing proteins and packaging them up before sending them wherever they need to go.발음듣기
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Calling it an apparatus makes it sound like a bit of complicated machinery, which it kind of is because it's made up of these stacks of membranous layers that are sometimes called golgi bodies.발음듣기
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The golgi bodies can cut up large proteins into smaller hormones and can combine proteins with carbohydrates to make various molecules, like, for instance, snot.발음듣기
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The bodies package these little goodies into sacks called vassicles which have phopholipid walls just like the main cell membrane, then ship them out either to other parts of the cell or outside the cell wall.발음듣기
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These organelles are basically sacks full of enzymes that break down cellular waste and debris from outside of the cell and turn it into simple compounds which are transferred into the cytoplasm as new cell building materials.발음듣기
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The nucleus is a highly specialized organelle that lives in its own double-membraned, high security compound with its buddy the nucleolus.발음듣기
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The nucleus makes all the laws for the city and orders all the other organelles around telling them how and when to grow, what to metabolize, what proteins to synthesize, how and when to divide.발음듣기
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The nucleus does all this by using the information blueprinted in its DNA to build proteins that will facilitate a specific job getting done.발음듣기
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For instance, on January 1, 2012 let's say a liver cell needs to help break down an entire bottle of champagne.발음듣기
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The nucleus in that liver cell would start telling the cell to make alcohol dehydrogenase, which is the enzyme that makes alcohol not alcohol anymore.발음듣기
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The nucleus holds its precious DNA along some proteins in a web-like substance called a chromatin.발음듣기
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When it comes time for the cell to split, the chromatin gathers into rod-shaped chromosomes, each of which holds DNA molecules.발음듣기
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The nucleolus, which lives inside of the nucleus, is the only organelle not enveloped by its own membrane.발음듣기
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It's main job is creating ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, which it then combines with some proteins to form the basic units of ribosomes.발음듣기
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Once these units are done, the nucleolus spits them out of the nuclear envelope where they are fully assembled into ribosomes.발음듣기
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The nucleus then sends orders in the form of messenger RNA, or mRNA, to those ribosomes, which are the henchmen that carry out the orders in the rest of the cell.발음듣기
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How exactly the ribosomes do this is immensely complex and awesome; so awesome, in fact, that we're going to give it the full Crash Course treatment; an entire episode.발음듣기
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Now, for what is, totally, objectively speaking, of course, the coolest part of the animal cell, its power plants, the mitochondria, the smooth oblong organelles where the amazing and super important process of respiration takes place.발음듣기
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This is where energy is derived from carbohydrates, fats and other fuels and is converted into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, which is like the main currency that drives life in Eukaryopolis.발음듣기
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Now, of course, some cells like muscle cells or neuron cells need a lot more power than the average cell in the body, so those cells have a lot more mitochondria per cell.발음듣기
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One day, one of these things ended up inside of an animal cell, probably because the animal cell was trying to eat it, but instead of eating it, it realized that this thing was really super smart and good at turning food into energy, and it just kept it. It stayed around.발음듣기
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What may be even more awesome, if that's possible, is that mitochondria are in the egg cell when an egg gets fertilized.발음듣기
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Those mitochondria have DNA. Because mitochondria replicate themselves in a separate fashion, it doesn't get mixed with the DNA of the father.발음듣기
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That means that your and my mitochondrial DNA is exactly the same as the mitochondrial DNA of our mothers.발음듣기
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Because this special DNA is isolated in this way, scientists can actually track back and back and back and back to a single mitochondrial Eve who lived about 200,000 years ago in Africa.발음듣기
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