Venice and the Ottoman Empire발음듣기
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Venice and the Ottoman Empire
108문장
100% 한국어
번역 3명 참여
출처 : 칸아카데미
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This is Crash Course World History and today we're going to talk about a relationship. No, not you college girlfriend.발음듣기
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We're going to talk about the relationship between a city, Venice and an empire the Ottomans and in doing so we're going to return to an old theme here on Crash Course World History:How studying history can make you a better boyfriend and/or girlfriend.발음듣기
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Mr. Green, Mr. Green! No offense, but you don't really seem like an expert on how to get girls to like you.발음듣기
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(lively music) 10 minutes from now I'm hoping you'll understand how one mutually beneficial relationship between the Venetians and the Ottomans led to 2 really big deals.발음듣기
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Venice is a city made up of hundreds of islands up the northern tip of the Adriatic sea but walking around it you can't help but feel that the city is essentially a collection of floating buildings tied together by some canals.발음듣기
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As you can imagine Venice didn't have a lot of natural resources except for fish and mustaches.발음듣기
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Remember that when the crusaders needed ships for their crazy 4th crusade they headed to Venice because the Venetians were famous for their ships including merchant ships like the galley and cog.발음듣기
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Not only could they build ships, they could also sail them to pleasant locales like Constantinople and the Levant.발음듣기
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The Venetians formed trade treaties sometimes called concessions with the Byzantines and then when Constantinople fell to the Ottomans and became Istanbul, the Venetians were quick to make trade treaties with their new neighbors famously saying that while Istanbul had been Constantinople the matter of Constantinople getting the works was nobody's business but the Turks.발음듣기
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It initially established itself as the biggest European power in the Mediterranean thanks to its trade with Egypt's sultan in the outlandishly lucrative pepper business. Can't blame the Europeans really.발음듣기
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Especially since it masks the taste of spoiled meat which most meat was in the days before refrigeration.발음듣기
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Due to some awkward crusades, the Egyptian merchants weren't terribly welcome in, you know, Europe but they had all the pepper because the Egyptians imported it from India and controlled both over land and over sea access to the Mediterranean.발음듣기
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While other cited moral or religous opposition to trade the Venetians usually found a way which is why the whole freaking town is made of marble. Thanks thought bubble.발음듣기
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To avoid the sticky situation of having to consort with the hidden Egyptians the Venetians employed a handy story.발음듣기
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This is the Piazza San Marco, the number 1 destination in the entire world for people who like to be pooped on by pigeons.발음듣기
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And it contains the body of St. Mark, author of the gospel according to St. Mark who had once been the bishop of Alexandria in Egypt.발음듣기
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So, naturally he died and was buried in Alexandria but the Venetians claimed him as their own because apparently one time he visited Venice and these 2 merchants hatched a very clever plan.발음듣기
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They went to Alexandria on business, stole St. Mark's body and then hid it in a shipment of pork which the Muslims didn't check very carefully because you know, they were disgusted by it.발음듣기
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What did Venice import? Lots, but notable for us they imported a lot of grain because if you've ever been to Venice then you might have noticed that it's basically made out of marble and therefore kind of difficult to farm.발음듣기
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The Ottomans on the other hand had abundant green even before they conquered Egypt and it's oh-so-fertile Nile River in 1517.발음듣기
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Also while trade was certainly the linchpin of Venice's economic success they had a diverse economy.발음듣기
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They also produce things like textiles and glass and in fact Venice is still know for its glass but they couldn't produce it without a special ash that they used to make the colors.발음듣기
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The sultan of the Ottoman empire also got to live in a nice house and wear a funny hat but there the similarities end.발음듣기
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To begin, the Ottomans were an empire that lasted from around 1300 CE until 1919 making it one of the longest lasting and richest empires in world history.발음듣기
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The Ottomans managed to blend their pastoral nomadic roots with some very unnomadic empire building and some really impressive architecture like this and this and this making them very different from wait for it: the Mongols.발음듣기
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The empire or at least the dynasty was founded by Osman Bey and Ottoman is a Latinization of Osmanli which basically means like the House the Osman.발음듣기
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First Mehmed the Conqueror ruled from 1451 to 1481 and expanded Ottoman control to the Balkans which is why there are Bosnian Muslims today.발음듣기
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But Ottoman expansion reached its greatest extent under Suleiman the Magnificent who ruled from 1520 to 1566.발음듣기
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He took valuable territory in Mesopotamia and Egypt thus securing control over the Western parts of the Asian trade both over land and over sea.발음듣기
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He also defeated the King Hungary and laid seige to Vienna in 1526 and he turned the Ottomans into a huge naval power.발음듣기
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The Ottomans basically controlled about half of what the Romans controlled but it was much more valuable because of all that Indian ocean trade you remember from last week?발음듣기
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The Ottomans could have followed the Roman model where you sent out generals and nobles to rule over conquered territories or they could have demanded the allegiance of client kings like the Persians or developed a civil service system like the Chinese but instead they created an entirely new ruling class.발음듣기
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If you're a king, one of your main problems is hereditary nobles because they always want to replace you and they don't want to give you your money and they want their ugly sons to marry your gorgeous daughters, etc.발음듣기
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One way to deal with this problem is to make them part of the government so they feel included and shut up.발음듣기
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(screams) Putin! The Ottomans just bypass the problem of hereditary nobles altogether by creating both an army and a bureaucracy from scratch so they would be loyal only to the sultan.발음듣기
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How? The Devshirme, a program in which they kidnap Christian boys converted them to Islam and raised them either to be part of an elite military fighting force called the Janissaries or to be government bureaucrats.발음듣기
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Incidently, which of those gigs would you prefer because I think that says a lot about you as a person.발음듣기
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Either way you weren't allowed to have kids which prevented the whole hereditary nobles problem and also ensured that the Ottoman government would contain quite a lot of Eunuchs.발음듣기
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(wheels rolling) An open letter to Ottoman Eunuchs but first let's see what's in the secret compartment today.발음듣기
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You started out just being harem guards Ottoman Eunuchs which is kind of an obvious gig for you but then you expanded.발음듣기
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As that happened in China you made yourselves indispensible and you were often the center of palace intrigue.발음듣기
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In fact, a few people in the Ottoman empire were as wealthy and important as many of you were.발음듣기
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Best wishes, John Green. This system eventually broke down as the janissaries who had guns lobbied to be allowed to have families.발음듣기
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But until that happened, the Ottoman system of using a mix of slave administrators and Eunuchs to run everything worked incredibly well.발음듣기
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But to return to the relationship between the Ottomans and the Venetians after the Ottomans captured Egypt they pretty much controlled the flow of trade through the Mediterranean.발음듣기
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The Ottomans were content to let the Venetians do all the actual trading and carrying of goods and they just made their money from taxes.발음듣기
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They have to be mutually beneficial to work and boy was that a mutually beneficial relationship.발음듣기
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For instance, Venice became super rich and being super rich was a prerequisite for the European renaissance because all that art and learning required money which is why Venice was a leading city at the beginning of the European renaissance before being equipped by Florence, Rome and I don't know, say Rotterdam.발음듣기
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Also this relationship established firm connections between Europe and the Islamic world which allowed ideas to flow again especially old Greek ideas that had been preserved and built upon by Muslims.발음듣기
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I mean I guess those connections had existed for a long time but crusades aren't a great way to exchange ideas.발음듣기
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Perhaps the most crucial result of the Venetian and Ottoman control of trade is that it forced other European powers to look for different paths to the richest of the East.발음듣기
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