World War II발음듣기
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World War II
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100% 한국어
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출처 : 칸아카데미
World War II
This is Crash Course World History and today we're going to talk about World War II.
Finally a war with some color films!
Here at Crash Course we try to make History reasonably entertaining and fortunately World War II was hilarious ... Said no one ever.
Mr. Green! Mr. Green! Is this going to be like one of the unfunny ones where you build to the big melodramatic conclusion about how I have to imagine the world more complexly?
Me from the past, as long as you have that 8th rate soup strainer, I'm not even going to acknowledge your existence.
(theme music) You've probably heard a lot about World War II from movies and books, The History Channel before it decided that swamp people were History, the incessant droning of your grandparents, etcetera.
We're not going to try to give you a detailed synopsis of the war, today instead we're going to try to give a bit of perspective on how the most destructive war in human history happened and why it still matters globally.
So one of the reasons History classes tend to be really into wars is that they're easy to put on tests.
They start on one day and they end on another day.
They're caused by social, political and economic conditions that can be examined in a multiple choice kind of manner, except not really ... Like, when did World War II start?
In September 1939 when the Nazis invaded Poland? I'd say, no.
It actually started when Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, or at the very latest, when the Japanese invaded China in 1937 because they didn't stop fighting until 1945.
Then again you could also argue 1933 when Hitler took power or 1941 when America started fighting. It's complicated.
But anyway, in China the fighting was very brutal as exemplified by the infamous Rape of Nanking which featured the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of Chinese people and is still so controversial today that one, it affects relations between Japan and China; and two, even though I have not described it in detail, you can rest assured that there will be angry comments about my use of the word "slaughter."
But the World War II we know the most about from movies and TV is primarily the war in the European theatre, the one that Adolf Hitler started.
Hitler is the rare individual who really did make history, specifically, he made it worse.
If he hadn't existed, it's very unlikely that World War II would have ever happened, but he did exist and after coming to power in 1933 with the standard revolutionary promises to return the homeland to its former glory, infused with quite a bit of paranoia and antisematism, Germany saw rapid remilitarization and eventually, inevitably ... war.
In the beginning, it was characterized by a new style of combat made possible by the mechanized technology of tanks, airplanes, and especially trucks.
This was the "blitzkrieg", a devastating tactic combining quick movement of troops, tanks and massive use of air power to support infantry movements.
In the very early years of the war, it was extremely effective.
The Nazis were able to roll over Poland, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands and then all of France all within about 9 months between the fall of 1939 and the summer of 1940.
After knocking out most of central Europe, the Nazis set their sights on Great Britain, but they didn't invade the island, choosing instead to attack it with massive air strikes.
You look at this poster and think, "Man, the Queen wants me to finish my term paper so I can do it," but when this poster was first produced in 1939, it was to quell terror in the face of bombardment.
The Battle of Britain was a duel between the Royal Air Force and the Luftwaffe.
While the RAF denied the Nazi's total control of British air space, the Nazis were still able to bomb Great Britain over and over again in what's known as "The Blitz".
Stan, no! No jokes this time!
Yes, "The Blitz!" Meanwhile, Europeans were also fighting each other in north Africa.
The desert campaign started in 1940 and lasted through 1942.
This is where British General Monty Montgomery outfoxed Erwin the "Desert Fox" Rommel.
It's also the place where Americans first fought Nazis in large numbers, but most importantly, it's where Indiana Jones discovered the Ark of the Covenant.
1941 was a big year for World War II.
First the Nazis invaded Russia, breaking a non-aggression pact that the two powers had signed in 1939.
This hugely escalated the war and also made allies of the most powerful capitalist countries and the most powerful communist one, an alliance that would stand the test of time and never end until like 3 seconds after the defeat of the Nazis.
The Nazi invasion of Russia opened the war up on the so-called "Eastern Front", although if you were Russian, it was the "Western Front", that led to millions of deaths, mostly Russian.
Also, 1941 saw a day that would live in infamy when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor hoping that such an audacious attack would frighten the United States into staying neutral, which was a pretty stupid gamble because one, the US was already giving massive aid to the allies and was hardly neutral; and two, the United States is not exactly famed for its pacifism or political neutrality.
1941 also saw Japan invading much of southeast Asia which made Australia and New Zealand understandably nervous.
As part of the British Commonwealth, they were already involved in the war, but now they could fight the Japanese closer to home.
And shut up about how I never talk about you Australians, I just gave you 1.5 sentences!
By the time the Americans and Australians started fighting the Japanese, it was already a world war.
Sometimes this meant fighting, starving or being bombed, other times it meant production for the war.
You don't think of Argentina as being a World War II powerhouse, for instance, but they were vital to the allies supplying 40% of British meat during World War II.
Thanks, Thought Bubble. So not to sound jingoistic, but the entry of the US into the war really did change everything, although I doubt the Nazis could have taken Russia regardless.
No one conquers Russia in the wintertime unless you are ... wait for it ... the Mongols.
(horses running) Okay, we're going to skip most of the big battles of 1942 like the Battle of Midway which effectively ended Japan's chance of winning the war, and focus on the Battle of Stalingrad.
The German attack on Stalingrad, now known as Volgograd because Stalin sucks, was one of the bloodiest battles in the history of war with more than 2 million dead.
The Germans began by dropping more than a thousand tons of bombs on Stalingrad and then the Russians responded by hugging the Germans, staying as close to their front lines as possible so that German air support would kill Germans and Russians alike.
This kind of worked, although the Germans still took most of the city, but then a Soviet counter attack left the 6th army of the Nazis completely cut off.
After that, due partly to Hitler's overreaching megalomania and partly to loss of people being scared of him, the 6th army slowly froze and starved to death before finally surrendering.
Of the 91,000 Axis POWs from Stalingrad, only about 6,000 ever returned home.
Stalingrad turned the war in Europe and by 1944, the American strategy of island-hopping in the Pacific was taking GIs closer and closer to Japan, Rome was liberated in June by Americans and Canadians, and its successful British Canadian and American D-Day invasion of Normandy was the beginning of the end for the Nazis.
(chair rolling) An open letter to Canada.
But first, let's see what's in the secret compartment today.
Oh! It's Canadian mittens! I want to thank the Canadian Crash Course fans who sent us these mittens.
Canadians are just so nice, Stan!
All we ever do on this show is make fun of them and they're just like, "It's so kind of you to mention us.
Here's some mittens!" Dear Canada, we're not always nice to you here on Crash Course, but you are awesome!
I'm pointing, but you can't tell because I'm wearing mittens.
45,000 Canadians died fighting for the allies in World War II which means that per capita, Canada lost more people than the United States.
You fought with the Royal Air Force to defend Great Britain from the beginning of the war and you were there on D-Day successfully invading Juno Beach.
And as many of you have pointed out in comments, you defeated the United States in the war of 1812, meaning arguably Canada, you are the greater military power plus you have lumberjacks and excellent beer and hockey and universal health care and Justin Bieber! I'm jealous!
That's what it is ... I'm jealous!
Best wishes, John Green. So by the end of 1944, the allies were advancing from the west and the Russian Red Army was advancing from the east, and then the last ditch German offensive at the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944, 1945 failed.
Mussolini was executed in April of 1945.
Hitler committed suicide at the end of that month, and on May 8, 1945, the allies declared victory in Europe after Germany surrendered unconditionally.
Three months later, the United States dropped the only two nuclear weapons ever deployed in war, Japan surrendered and World War II was over.
The war had a definite cause; unbridled military expansion by Germany, Japan, and to a small extent, Italy.
Now it's easy to claim that Hitler was crazy or evil, in fact he was certainly both, but that doesn't explain the Nazi's decision to invade Russia ... And it sure doesn't explain Japan's decision to bomb Pearl Harbor.
There are many possible explanations beyond mere evil, but the most interesting one to me involves food.
Hitler had a number of reasons for wanting to expand Germany's territory, but he often talked about Lebensraum, or "living space" for the German people.
German agriculture was really inefficiently organized into lots of small farms and that meant that Germany needed a lot of land in order to be self-sufficient in food production.
The plan was to take Poland, the Ukraine and eastern Russia and then resettle that land with lots of Germans so that it could feed German people.
This was called the "hunger plan" because the plan called for 20 million people to starve to death.
Many would be the Poles, Ukrainians and Russians who'd previously lived on the land, the rest would be Europe's Jews who be worked to death.
6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis, many by starvation, but many through a chillingly-planned effort of extermination in death camps.
These death camps can be distinguished from concentration camps or labor camps in that their primary purpose was extermination of Jews, Roma people, communists, homosexuals, disabled people and others that the Nazis deemed unfit.
Some historians believe that the Nazis opened the death camps because the Jews weren't dying as fast as the hunger plan had intended.
This was a sickening plan, but it made a kind of demented sense; rather than becoming more involved in global trade as the British had, the Germans would feed themselves by taking land and killing the people who'd previously lived there.
Similarly, Japan, at the beginning of the war, was suffering from an acute fear of food shortage, because its agricultural sector was having trouble keeping up with population growth.
The Japanese, too, sought to expand their agricultural holdings by for instance, resettling farmers in Korea.
While it's tempting to say that World War II was about the allies fighting for democratic ideals against the totalitarian militaristic imperialism of the fascist Axis powers, it just doesn't hold up to scrutiny.
For instance, a hugely important allied power, Stalin's Soviet Union, was the least democratic place ever.
Stan just said that was hyperbole, but it's not.
Stalin's Soviet Union is tied with all of the other completely undemocratic countries for last place on the democracy scale.
It's a big community there at last place, but they're definitely in there somewhere!
By far the biggest imperialists of the war were the British!
They couldn't have fed or clothed themselves or resisted the Nazis without their colonies and commonwealth.
So why is World War II so important?
Well, first it proved the old Roman adage, "Homo Homini Lupus", "Man is a wolf to man."
This is seen most clearly in the Holocaust, but all the statistics are staggering.
More than a million Indian British subjects died mainly due to famine that could have been avoided if the British had redistributed food, and their failure to do so helped convince Indians that the so-called superior civilization of the British was a sham.
More than a million Vietnamese died, mainly due to famine.
418,000 Americans, more than a million non-combatants in both Germany and Japan, and 20 million people in the Soviet Union, most of them civilians.
These civilians were targeted because they helped sustain the war mostly through industrial and agricultural production.
In a total war, when a nation is at war, not just its army, there's no such thing as a non-military target.
From the firebombing of Dresden to Tokyo to Hiroshima, the line between soldier and civilian, blurred.
And of course, there is the Holocaust which horrifies us because the elements of western progress, record keeping, industrial production, technology were used to slaughter millions.
World War II saw modern industrial nations which represented the best of the enlightenment and the scientific revolution descend into once unimaginable cruelty.
What makes World War II such a historical watershed is that in its wake, all of us, in the west or otherwise, were forced to question whether western dominance of this planet could or should be considered progress.
번역
0%
Here at Crash Course we try to make History reasonably entertaining and fortunately World War II was hilarious ... Said no one ever.발음듣기
대기중
Mr. Green! Mr. Green! Is this going to be like one of the unfunny ones where you build to the big melodramatic conclusion about how I have to imagine the world more complexly?발음듣기
대기중
Me from the past, as long as you have that 8th rate soup strainer, I'm not even going to acknowledge your existence.발음듣기
대기중
(theme music) You've probably heard a lot about World War II from movies and books, The History Channel before it decided that swamp people were History, the incessant droning of your grandparents, etcetera.발음듣기
대기중
We're not going to try to give you a detailed synopsis of the war, today instead we're going to try to give a bit of perspective on how the most destructive war in human history happened and why it still matters globally.발음듣기
대기중
So one of the reasons History classes tend to be really into wars is that they're easy to put on tests.발음듣기
대기중
They're caused by social, political and economic conditions that can be examined in a multiple choice kind of manner, except not really ... Like, when did World War II start?발음듣기
대기중
It actually started when Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, or at the very latest, when the Japanese invaded China in 1937 because they didn't stop fighting until 1945.발음듣기
대기중
Then again you could also argue 1933 when Hitler took power or 1941 when America started fighting. It's complicated.발음듣기
대기중
But anyway, in China the fighting was very brutal as exemplified by the infamous Rape of Nanking which featured the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of Chinese people and is still so controversial today that one, it affects relations between Japan and China; and two, even though I have not described it in detail, you can rest assured that there will be angry comments about my use of the word "slaughter."발음듣기
대기중
But the World War II we know the most about from movies and TV is primarily the war in the European theatre, the one that Adolf Hitler started.발음듣기
대기중
If he hadn't existed, it's very unlikely that World War II would have ever happened, but he did exist and after coming to power in 1933 with the standard revolutionary promises to return the homeland to its former glory, infused with quite a bit of paranoia and antisematism, Germany saw rapid remilitarization and eventually, inevitably ... war.발음듣기
대기중
In the beginning, it was characterized by a new style of combat made possible by the mechanized technology of tanks, airplanes, and especially trucks.발음듣기
대기중
This was the "blitzkrieg", a devastating tactic combining quick movement of troops, tanks and massive use of air power to support infantry movements.발음듣기
대기중
The Nazis were able to roll over Poland, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands and then all of France all within about 9 months between the fall of 1939 and the summer of 1940.발음듣기
대기중
After knocking out most of central Europe, the Nazis set their sights on Great Britain, but they didn't invade the island, choosing instead to attack it with massive air strikes.발음듣기
대기중
You look at this poster and think, "Man, the Queen wants me to finish my term paper so I can do it," but when this poster was first produced in 1939, it was to quell terror in the face of bombardment.발음듣기
대기중
While the RAF denied the Nazi's total control of British air space, the Nazis were still able to bomb Great Britain over and over again in what's known as "The Blitz".발음듣기
대기중
It's also the place where Americans first fought Nazis in large numbers, but most importantly, it's where Indiana Jones discovered the Ark of the Covenant.발음듣기
대기중
First the Nazis invaded Russia, breaking a non-aggression pact that the two powers had signed in 1939.발음듣기
대기중
This hugely escalated the war and also made allies of the most powerful capitalist countries and the most powerful communist one, an alliance that would stand the test of time and never end until like 3 seconds after the defeat of the Nazis.발음듣기
대기중
The Nazi invasion of Russia opened the war up on the so-called "Eastern Front", although if you were Russian, it was the "Western Front", that led to millions of deaths, mostly Russian.발음듣기
대기중
Also, 1941 saw a day that would live in infamy when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor hoping that such an audacious attack would frighten the United States into staying neutral, which was a pretty stupid gamble because one, the US was already giving massive aid to the allies and was hardly neutral; and two, the United States is not exactly famed for its pacifism or political neutrality.발음듣기
대기중
1941 also saw Japan invading much of southeast Asia which made Australia and New Zealand understandably nervous.발음듣기
대기중
As part of the British Commonwealth, they were already involved in the war, but now they could fight the Japanese closer to home.발음듣기
대기중
By the time the Americans and Australians started fighting the Japanese, it was already a world war.발음듣기
대기중
Sometimes this meant fighting, starving or being bombed, other times it meant production for the war.발음듣기
대기중
You don't think of Argentina as being a World War II powerhouse, for instance, but they were vital to the allies supplying 40% of British meat during World War II.발음듣기
대기중
Thanks, Thought Bubble. So not to sound jingoistic, but the entry of the US into the war really did change everything, although I doubt the Nazis could have taken Russia regardless.발음듣기
대기중
(horses running) Okay, we're going to skip most of the big battles of 1942 like the Battle of Midway which effectively ended Japan's chance of winning the war, and focus on the Battle of Stalingrad.발음듣기
대기중
The German attack on Stalingrad, now known as Volgograd because Stalin sucks, was one of the bloodiest battles in the history of war with more than 2 million dead.발음듣기
대기중
The Germans began by dropping more than a thousand tons of bombs on Stalingrad and then the Russians responded by hugging the Germans, staying as close to their front lines as possible so that German air support would kill Germans and Russians alike.발음듣기
대기중
This kind of worked, although the Germans still took most of the city, but then a Soviet counter attack left the 6th army of the Nazis completely cut off.발음듣기
대기중
After that, due partly to Hitler's overreaching megalomania and partly to loss of people being scared of him, the 6th army slowly froze and starved to death before finally surrendering.발음듣기
대기중
Stalingrad turned the war in Europe and by 1944, the American strategy of island-hopping in the Pacific was taking GIs closer and closer to Japan, Rome was liberated in June by Americans and Canadians, and its successful British Canadian and American D-Day invasion of Normandy was the beginning of the end for the Nazis.발음듣기
대기중
Oh! It's Canadian mittens! I want to thank the Canadian Crash Course fans who sent us these mittens.발음듣기
대기중
All we ever do on this show is make fun of them and they're just like, "It's so kind of you to mention us.발음듣기
대기중
Here's some mittens!" Dear Canada, we're not always nice to you here on Crash Course, but you are awesome!발음듣기
대기중
45,000 Canadians died fighting for the allies in World War II which means that per capita, Canada lost more people than the United States.발음듣기
대기중
You fought with the Royal Air Force to defend Great Britain from the beginning of the war and you were there on D-Day successfully invading Juno Beach.발음듣기
대기중
And as many of you have pointed out in comments, you defeated the United States in the war of 1812, meaning arguably Canada, you are the greater military power plus you have lumberjacks and excellent beer and hockey and universal health care and Justin Bieber! I'm jealous!발음듣기
대기중
Best wishes, John Green. So by the end of 1944, the allies were advancing from the west and the Russian Red Army was advancing from the east, and then the last ditch German offensive at the Battle of the Bulge in the winter of 1944, 1945 failed.발음듣기
대기중
Hitler committed suicide at the end of that month, and on May 8, 1945, the allies declared victory in Europe after Germany surrendered unconditionally.발음듣기
대기중
Three months later, the United States dropped the only two nuclear weapons ever deployed in war, Japan surrendered and World War II was over.발음듣기
대기중
The war had a definite cause; unbridled military expansion by Germany, Japan, and to a small extent, Italy.발음듣기
대기중
Now it's easy to claim that Hitler was crazy or evil, in fact he was certainly both, but that doesn't explain the Nazi's decision to invade Russia ... And it sure doesn't explain Japan's decision to bomb Pearl Harbor.발음듣기
대기중
There are many possible explanations beyond mere evil, but the most interesting one to me involves food.발음듣기
대기중
Hitler had a number of reasons for wanting to expand Germany's territory, but he often talked about Lebensraum, or "living space" for the German people.발음듣기
대기중
German agriculture was really inefficiently organized into lots of small farms and that meant that Germany needed a lot of land in order to be self-sufficient in food production.발음듣기
대기중
The plan was to take Poland, the Ukraine and eastern Russia and then resettle that land with lots of Germans so that it could feed German people.발음듣기
대기중
This was called the "hunger plan" because the plan called for 20 million people to starve to death.발음듣기
대기중
Many would be the Poles, Ukrainians and Russians who'd previously lived on the land, the rest would be Europe's Jews who be worked to death.발음듣기
대기중
6 million Jews were killed by the Nazis, many by starvation, but many through a chillingly-planned effort of extermination in death camps.발음듣기
대기중
These death camps can be distinguished from concentration camps or labor camps in that their primary purpose was extermination of Jews, Roma people, communists, homosexuals, disabled people and others that the Nazis deemed unfit.발음듣기
대기중
Some historians believe that the Nazis opened the death camps because the Jews weren't dying as fast as the hunger plan had intended.발음듣기
대기중
This was a sickening plan, but it made a kind of demented sense; rather than becoming more involved in global trade as the British had, the Germans would feed themselves by taking land and killing the people who'd previously lived there.발음듣기
대기중
Similarly, Japan, at the beginning of the war, was suffering from an acute fear of food shortage, because its agricultural sector was having trouble keeping up with population growth.발음듣기
대기중
The Japanese, too, sought to expand their agricultural holdings by for instance, resettling farmers in Korea.발음듣기
대기중
While it's tempting to say that World War II was about the allies fighting for democratic ideals against the totalitarian militaristic imperialism of the fascist Axis powers, it just doesn't hold up to scrutiny.발음듣기
대기중
For instance, a hugely important allied power, Stalin's Soviet Union, was the least democratic place ever.발음듣기
대기중
Stalin's Soviet Union is tied with all of the other completely undemocratic countries for last place on the democracy scale.발음듣기
대기중
They couldn't have fed or clothed themselves or resisted the Nazis without their colonies and commonwealth.발음듣기
대기중
More than a million Indian British subjects died mainly due to famine that could have been avoided if the British had redistributed food, and their failure to do so helped convince Indians that the so-called superior civilization of the British was a sham.발음듣기
대기중
418,000 Americans, more than a million non-combatants in both Germany and Japan, and 20 million people in the Soviet Union, most of them civilians.발음듣기
대기중
These civilians were targeted because they helped sustain the war mostly through industrial and agricultural production.발음듣기
대기중
In a total war, when a nation is at war, not just its army, there's no such thing as a non-military target.발음듣기
대기중
From the firebombing of Dresden to Tokyo to Hiroshima, the line between soldier and civilian, blurred.발음듣기
대기중
And of course, there is the Holocaust which horrifies us because the elements of western progress, record keeping, industrial production, technology were used to slaughter millions.발음듣기
대기중
World War II saw modern industrial nations which represented the best of the enlightenment and the scientific revolution descend into once unimaginable cruelty.발음듣기
대기중
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