The Columbian Exchange발음듣기
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The Columbian Exchange
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출처 : 칸아카데미
The Columbian Exchange
John: Hi, I'm John Green.
This is Crash Course World History and today's video is kind of a response to one of the most riveting history books you'll ever read:The Columbian Exchange by David Crosby.
He had a good year in 1969. published The Columbian Exchange, played Woodstock, he was still on his first liver. What is Albert Crosby? Gosh!
History, never being as interesting as I want it to be.
Right, so it was Alfred Crosby Jr.
And in that book he wrote "The big questions are really the only ones worth considering, "and colossal nerve has always been a prerequisite for such consideration."
I love it! Before 1492, we couldn't really talk about a world history at all, we could only talk about the different histories of separate regions but Columbus changed all of that and everything else.
The Columbian Exchange irrevocably homogenized the world's biological landscape.
Since Columbus, the number of plant and animal species has continuously diminished and the variation in species from place to place has diminished dramatically.
I mean, the first European visitors to the Americas had never seen a tomato or a catfish.
Native Americans had never seen a horse and by making our planet biologically singular the Columbian Exchange completely remade the populations of animals, particularly humans.
Vitally, this cross-pollination also made possible such wonders as contemporary pizza.
(lively music) We're going to break the Columbian Exchange down into 4 categories:Diseases, boy, you're looking good Smallpox. I'm glad you've been eliminated.
Animal, plants and people. Mr. Green, Mr. Green! People are animals.
Yeah, that's true, me from the past but just for the sake of simplicity we're- Also, when you think about it, microbes are kind of animals and plants are, too, I mean- Oh my god, shut up before I kill you and create a time travel paradox.
Microbes, like those hairy blokes back there were a definite negative in terms of the Columbian Exchange.
Terminology is hard here but the majority of Caribbean Islanders or Native Americans or Amerindians had exactly one response to the arrival of Europeans: death.
We can't be sure of how many natives died as a result of the European arrival but it was definitely more than 50% and some estimates place it as high as 90%.
Historians used to blame European brutality which was definitely a factor but the main culprit was disease.
Smallpox is usually seen as the villain of the story but it is more likely that a series of diseases in combination did the damage.
Along with the smallpox Americans were killed by measles and mumps, typhus, chicken pox, none of which they had been previously exposed to.
This astonishing decrease of population was definitely the worst effect of these diseases both psychologically and demographically.
But the secondary effects were almost as bad.
For one thing the deaths of Aztec and Incan rulers touched off wars which in turn made it easier to spread disease because you know, the number one way to catch smallpox is via hand-to-hand combat. Plus leaders kept dying.
Huayna Capac, the leader of the Incan empire, succumbed to smallpox before Pizzaro even arrived.
His death led to a violent succession struggle between his sons which was won by Atahualpa, who in turn was captured and killed by Pizzaro.
Without that war, the Incas would have had a much better chance against the Spaniards whose numbers were comparatively tiny.
A similar thing happened to the Aztecs.
The Moctezuma who eventually lost to Cortes was the nephew of a much more powerful king who died of smallpox.
The death of the great king encouraged some of the smaller states in the Aztec empire to rebel and some of them even fought for the Spaniards.
Another side effect of disease was starvation because there simply weren't enough people left to grow crops to feed the living.
Then malnutrition made the survivors that much more susceptible to disease. In short, it sucked.
The transmission of the disease largely generally went one way, from the Old World to the New but the Americans did have one gift for Europe: venereal syphilis.
It showed up in Europe around 1493 and even though Europeans are very fond of ascribing syphilis to each other Italians called it the French disease, the French called it the disease of Naples, Poles called it the German disease, Russians called it the Polish disease.
The truth is, venereal syphilis was spread by sailors who'd returned from the Americas.
In fact, in his book, The Columbian Exchange, Crosby tells it like this:"Sailors by the nature of their profession are men without women "and therefore men of many women.
We can imagine no group more perfectly suited for guaranteeing that venereal syphilis would have worldwide distribution."
Who says history books are boring?
Syphilis would go on to infect a veritable who's who of Europe from Baudelaire to Gauguin to Nietzsche, not to mention numerous family members of the famously infertile Tudor and Valvois families meaning that syphilis may be responsible for many of those miserably boring dynastic power struggles of post-Columbus Europe.
Anyway, nothing against syphilis, but it pales in comparison to the devastation wrought by Old World diseases arriving in the New World.
The New World did have one gift for the Old World that was pretty destructive: tobacco.
It's time for the open letter and there's been a costume change?
That doesn't bode well. (wheels rolling) An open letter to Tobacco.
But first let's see what's in the secret compartment.
Don't be cinnamon, don't be cinnamon, don't be- Dang it!
I guess that I'm going to do the cinnamon challenge.
(laughing) I am not happy about this Stan. For the record.
All right, I'm going to do the cinnamon challenge.
One tablespoon of cinnamon in my mouth, no water.
(coughing) Boy, that sucked. I regret doing that to be honest with you.
Dear Tobacco, I just did something really stupid but at least it was cheap.
I'm going to tell you 2 stories about smoking.
The first comes from my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, who also writes Crash Course.
When I was a senior in high school he walked up to me and he said, "I want you to keep smoking.
I want you to smoke until the day after your 65th birthday and then I want you to die so that I collect all of your social security."
That inspired me, Mr. Meyer, to quit smoking just 8 short years later. Here is an amazing statistic.
Cigarettes were handed out to American servicemen during World War II and more soldiers who started smoking during the war died from smoking than died from the war.
If the New World was looking to extract some measure of revenge for smallpox and measles and chicken pox.
Mission accomplished! Best wished, John Green. Now onto animals.
American animals, like llamas and guinea pigs never really caught on in Eurasia.
But imports to Americas like pigs, cows and horses were revolutionary.
First of all, these animals especially pigs, completely remade the food supply.
Pigs breed really quickly, they eat anything and they turn into bacon which made them heroes to the New World just as today they are heroes to the internet. Here's how quickly pigs breed.
When Hernando de Soto arrived in Florida in 1539, he brought 13 pigs.
By the time of his death, there were 700. That was 3 years later.
The abundance of meat and plentiful land for agriculture and grazing meant that Europeans in the Americas very rarely experienced famine.
Despite what you may have learned about religious and political freedom, the main reason Europeans came to America was to eat.
Large European animals also changed the nature of work in the Americas.
Before Europeans, the largest beast of burden was the llama and at best it could carry like 100 lbs.
This meant that for the long distance travel that the Inca engaged in, the primary transportation animals was Incas.
Oxen, when combined with their plows, made it possible to bring more land under cultivation and also made transportation easier and more efficient and plus European animals remade culture.
The grossly stereotypical American Indian like from the movies riding the Great Plains with an eagle feather headdress and war paint well, he didn't exist before the Columbian Exchange because there were no horses for him to ride.
The introduction of horses allowed many native Americans to abandon agriculture in favor of a nomadic lifestyle because riding around hunting buffalo made them far richer than farming ever had. Thanks thought bubblle.
While animals and diseases completely reshaped the New World, it was New World plants that had the biggest effect on Eurasia.
Sure, Europeans brought over some crops that we now grow here in the Americas like wheat and grapes, both of which are necessary for Catholic mass but New World plants radically changed the lives of millions maybe hundreds of millions of Africans, Asians and Europeans specifically by making pizza possible.
(sung) It was the greatest gift of all.
I mean until 500 years ago, Italians lived without tomatoes, without modern pizza or marinara sauce or pizza or ketchup or pizza or even pizza?
Indians lived without curry, which contains chilies, a New World food.
Persians lived without corn which is a New World food as are beans and potatoes and avocados and peanuts and blueberries.
The list goes on and on.
These New World crops led to probably the greatest population increase in history.
To quote Crosby:"It is crudely true that if man's caloric intake is sufficient, "he will somehow stagger to maturity "and he will reproduce."
New World food was far more caloric than Old World food which is the central reason that the world population doubled between 1650 and 1850.
Plants like corn and potatoes could grow in soils that were useless for Old World crops.
Potatoes were actually introduced to Europe as an aphrodisiac but it turns out that you have to distill those potatoes into vodka before they have the desired effect.
Anyway, if potatoes are an aphrodisiac the Irish quickly became the hottest people on Earth.
An acre and a half of potato cultivation could feed an Irish family for a year and the average Irish worker often ate 10 lbs of potatoes every day.
Surviving primarily on potatoes, the Irish more than doubled their population between 1754 and 1845 when the potato famine showed up and ruined everything.
It wasn't just Europe. Manioc or cassava is a New World plant with roots that provided more calories than any other plant on Earth, provided they are properly processed, otherwise they're poisonous.
Manioc is so prevalent in the Africa that many Africans swear the plant is native to the continent but it isn't.
Nor are sweet potatoes and while New World grains never replaced rice in Southeast or East Asia, the sweet potato was so common that it is known as the "poor person's staple" in China.
Even in Japan. The tomb of the farmer who is reputed to have first brought them to the island is known as the Temple of the Sweet Potato.
It's also worth noting that corn, while it may not feature prominently in European diets, has been the central source of food for animals in Europe for centuries.
In fact, that's still the case.
In 2005, 58% of the corn grown in America went to animal feed is the kind of thing you learn when you live in Indiana.
All right, so last but not the least, the Columbian Exchange involved the transfer of lots of people.
Again, in the early stages this movement was mostly one way with the Europeans and Africans.
The Africans usually against their will making their way to the Americas.
The Columbian Exchange led to the re-population of the New World following the disease devastation of the initial encounter.
Better nutrition allowed the population of the Old World to grow which in turn placed population pressure on Eurasia which led to more people coming to the Americas.
In the process, the world's human inhabitants became more genetically and ethnically interconnected.
But it also led to the horrors of the Atlantic slavery which we'll be discussing next week.
What are we to make of the Columbian Exchange?
It devastated the population of the Americas, it led to the widespread slavery of Africans but it also allowed for a worldwide population increase and the lives of some Natives including plains tribes like the Lakota became better and more secure at least for a while.
Fewer people have starved since the Columbian Exchange began but the diversity of life on Earth has diminished dramatically.
Planting crops where they don't belong has hurt the environment.
On the whole, should we be grateful for the Columbian Exchange?
Should we work to continue and deepen its legacy of globalism and mono culture?
Crosby didn't think we were better off.
The Columbian Exchange has included man and he has changed the old and new worlds sometimes inadvertently, "sometimes intentionally, often brutally.
It is possible that he and the plants and animals he brings with him have caused the extinction of more species of life forms in the last 400 years "than the usual process of evolution might kill off in a million.
The Columbian Exchange has left us with not a richer but a more impoverished genetic pool.
And we, all of the life on the planet are the less for Columbus and the impoverishment will increase."
Let's give you the last word today.
Do you agree with Crosby? Are longer, healthier lives for more humans worth the sacrifice of an improverished biosphere?
And most importantly, how will your conclusions about those questions shape the way that you live your life?
번역
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This is Crash Course World History and today's video is kind of a response to one of the most riveting history books you'll ever read:The Columbian Exchange by David Crosby.발음듣기
대기중
He had a good year in 1969. published The Columbian Exchange, played Woodstock, he was still on his first liver. What is Albert Crosby? Gosh!발음듣기
대기중
And in that book he wrote "The big questions are really the only ones worth considering, "and colossal nerve has always been a prerequisite for such consideration."발음듣기
대기중
I love it! Before 1492, we couldn't really talk about a world history at all, we could only talk about the different histories of separate regions but Columbus changed all of that and everything else.발음듣기
대기중
Since Columbus, the number of plant and animal species has continuously diminished and the variation in species from place to place has diminished dramatically.발음듣기
대기중
Native Americans had never seen a horse and by making our planet biologically singular the Columbian Exchange completely remade the populations of animals, particularly humans.발음듣기
대기중
(lively music) We're going to break the Columbian Exchange down into 4 categories:Diseases, boy, you're looking good Smallpox. I'm glad you've been eliminated.발음듣기
대기중
Yeah, that's true, me from the past but just for the sake of simplicity we're- Also, when you think about it, microbes are kind of animals and plants are, too, I mean- Oh my god, shut up before I kill you and create a time travel paradox.발음듣기
대기중
Microbes, like those hairy blokes back there were a definite negative in terms of the Columbian Exchange.발음듣기
대기중
Terminology is hard here but the majority of Caribbean Islanders or Native Americans or Amerindians had exactly one response to the arrival of Europeans: death.발음듣기
대기중
We can't be sure of how many natives died as a result of the European arrival but it was definitely more than 50% and some estimates place it as high as 90%.발음듣기
대기중
Historians used to blame European brutality which was definitely a factor but the main culprit was disease.발음듣기
대기중
Smallpox is usually seen as the villain of the story but it is more likely that a series of diseases in combination did the damage.발음듣기
대기중
Along with the smallpox Americans were killed by measles and mumps, typhus, chicken pox, none of which they had been previously exposed to.발음듣기
대기중
This astonishing decrease of population was definitely the worst effect of these diseases both psychologically and demographically.발음듣기
대기중
For one thing the deaths of Aztec and Incan rulers touched off wars which in turn made it easier to spread disease because you know, the number one way to catch smallpox is via hand-to-hand combat. Plus leaders kept dying.발음듣기
대기중
Huayna Capac, the leader of the Incan empire, succumbed to smallpox before Pizzaro even arrived.발음듣기
대기중
His death led to a violent succession struggle between his sons which was won by Atahualpa, who in turn was captured and killed by Pizzaro.발음듣기
대기중
Without that war, the Incas would have had a much better chance against the Spaniards whose numbers were comparatively tiny.발음듣기
대기중
The Moctezuma who eventually lost to Cortes was the nephew of a much more powerful king who died of smallpox.발음듣기
대기중
The death of the great king encouraged some of the smaller states in the Aztec empire to rebel and some of them even fought for the Spaniards.발음듣기
대기중
Another side effect of disease was starvation because there simply weren't enough people left to grow crops to feed the living.발음듣기
대기중
Then malnutrition made the survivors that much more susceptible to disease. In short, it sucked.발음듣기
대기중
The transmission of the disease largely generally went one way, from the Old World to the New but the Americans did have one gift for Europe: venereal syphilis.발음듣기
대기중
It showed up in Europe around 1493 and even though Europeans are very fond of ascribing syphilis to each other Italians called it the French disease, the French called it the disease of Naples, Poles called it the German disease, Russians called it the Polish disease.발음듣기
대기중
In fact, in his book, The Columbian Exchange, Crosby tells it like this:"Sailors by the nature of their profession are men without women "and therefore men of many women.발음듣기
대기중
We can imagine no group more perfectly suited for guaranteeing that venereal syphilis would have worldwide distribution."발음듣기
대기중
Syphilis would go on to infect a veritable who's who of Europe from Baudelaire to Gauguin to Nietzsche, not to mention numerous family members of the famously infertile Tudor and Valvois families meaning that syphilis may be responsible for many of those miserably boring dynastic power struggles of post-Columbus Europe.발음듣기
대기중
Anyway, nothing against syphilis, but it pales in comparison to the devastation wrought by Old World diseases arriving in the New World.발음듣기
대기중
The first comes from my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, who also writes Crash Course.발음듣기
대기중
When I was a senior in high school he walked up to me and he said, "I want you to keep smoking.발음듣기
대기중
I want you to smoke until the day after your 65th birthday and then I want you to die so that I collect all of your social security."발음듣기
대기중
That inspired me, Mr. Meyer, to quit smoking just 8 short years later. Here is an amazing statistic.발음듣기
대기중
Cigarettes were handed out to American servicemen during World War II and more soldiers who started smoking during the war died from smoking than died from the war.발음듣기
대기중
If the New World was looking to extract some measure of revenge for smallpox and measles and chicken pox.발음듣기
대기중
Pigs breed really quickly, they eat anything and they turn into bacon which made them heroes to the New World just as today they are heroes to the internet. Here's how quickly pigs breed.발음듣기
대기중
The abundance of meat and plentiful land for agriculture and grazing meant that Europeans in the Americas very rarely experienced famine.발음듣기
대기중
Despite what you may have learned about religious and political freedom, the main reason Europeans came to America was to eat.발음듣기
대기중
Before Europeans, the largest beast of burden was the llama and at best it could carry like 100 lbs.발음듣기
대기중
This meant that for the long distance travel that the Inca engaged in, the primary transportation animals was Incas.발음듣기
대기중
Oxen, when combined with their plows, made it possible to bring more land under cultivation and also made transportation easier and more efficient and plus European animals remade culture.발음듣기
대기중
The grossly stereotypical American Indian like from the movies riding the Great Plains with an eagle feather headdress and war paint well, he didn't exist before the Columbian Exchange because there were no horses for him to ride.발음듣기
대기중
The introduction of horses allowed many native Americans to abandon agriculture in favor of a nomadic lifestyle because riding around hunting buffalo made them far richer than farming ever had. Thanks thought bubblle.발음듣기
대기중
While animals and diseases completely reshaped the New World, it was New World plants that had the biggest effect on Eurasia.발음듣기
대기중
Sure, Europeans brought over some crops that we now grow here in the Americas like wheat and grapes, both of which are necessary for Catholic mass but New World plants radically changed the lives of millions maybe hundreds of millions of Africans, Asians and Europeans specifically by making pizza possible.발음듣기
대기중
I mean until 500 years ago, Italians lived without tomatoes, without modern pizza or marinara sauce or pizza or ketchup or pizza or even pizza?발음듣기
대기중
Persians lived without corn which is a New World food as are beans and potatoes and avocados and peanuts and blueberries.발음듣기
대기중
To quote Crosby:"It is crudely true that if man's caloric intake is sufficient, "he will somehow stagger to maturity "and he will reproduce."발음듣기
대기중
New World food was far more caloric than Old World food which is the central reason that the world population doubled between 1650 and 1850.발음듣기
대기중
Potatoes were actually introduced to Europe as an aphrodisiac but it turns out that you have to distill those potatoes into vodka before they have the desired effect.발음듣기
대기중
Anyway, if potatoes are an aphrodisiac the Irish quickly became the hottest people on Earth.발음듣기
대기중
An acre and a half of potato cultivation could feed an Irish family for a year and the average Irish worker often ate 10 lbs of potatoes every day.발음듣기
대기중
Surviving primarily on potatoes, the Irish more than doubled their population between 1754 and 1845 when the potato famine showed up and ruined everything.발음듣기
대기중
It wasn't just Europe. Manioc or cassava is a New World plant with roots that provided more calories than any other plant on Earth, provided they are properly processed, otherwise they're poisonous.발음듣기
대기중
Manioc is so prevalent in the Africa that many Africans swear the plant is native to the continent but it isn't.발음듣기
대기중
Nor are sweet potatoes and while New World grains never replaced rice in Southeast or East Asia, the sweet potato was so common that it is known as the "poor person's staple" in China.발음듣기
대기중
Even in Japan. The tomb of the farmer who is reputed to have first brought them to the island is known as the Temple of the Sweet Potato.발음듣기
대기중
It's also worth noting that corn, while it may not feature prominently in European diets, has been the central source of food for animals in Europe for centuries.발음듣기
대기중
In 2005, 58% of the corn grown in America went to animal feed is the kind of thing you learn when you live in Indiana.발음듣기
대기중
All right, so last but not the least, the Columbian Exchange involved the transfer of lots of people.발음듣기
대기중
Again, in the early stages this movement was mostly one way with the Europeans and Africans.발음듣기
대기중
The Columbian Exchange led to the re-population of the New World following the disease devastation of the initial encounter.발음듣기
대기중
Better nutrition allowed the population of the Old World to grow which in turn placed population pressure on Eurasia which led to more people coming to the Americas.발음듣기
대기중
In the process, the world's human inhabitants became more genetically and ethnically interconnected.발음듣기
대기중
It devastated the population of the Americas, it led to the widespread slavery of Africans but it also allowed for a worldwide population increase and the lives of some Natives including plains tribes like the Lakota became better and more secure at least for a while.발음듣기
대기중
Fewer people have starved since the Columbian Exchange began but the diversity of life on Earth has diminished dramatically.발음듣기
대기중
The Columbian Exchange has included man and he has changed the old and new worlds sometimes inadvertently, "sometimes intentionally, often brutally.발음듣기
대기중
It is possible that he and the plants and animals he brings with him have caused the extinction of more species of life forms in the last 400 years "than the usual process of evolution might kill off in a million.발음듣기
대기중
And we, all of the life on the planet are the less for Columbus and the impoverishment will increase."발음듣기
대기중
Do you agree with Crosby? Are longer, healthier lives for more humans worth the sacrifice of an improverished biosphere?발음듣기
대기중
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