The Haitian Revolutions발음듣기
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The Haitian Revolutions
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Apparently it's Revolutions month here at Crash Course, because today we are going to discuss the oft neglected Haitian Revolutions.발음듣기
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The Haitian revolutions are totally fascinating, and they involve two of my very favorite things.발음듣기
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(fast lively music) So, the French colony in Saint Domingue, began in the 17th century as a pirate outpost.발음듣기
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Its original French inhabitants made their living, selling leather and a kind of smoked beef called boucan.발음듣기
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All that beef actually came from cattle, left behind by the Spanish, who were the first Europeans to settle the island.발음듣기
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Robbing Spanish galleons." Which, as you'll recall, were loaded with silver mined from South America.발음듣기
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So, by the middle of the 17th century, the French had convinced many of those buccaneering captains, to give up their pirating and settle on the island.발음듣기
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Many of them invested some of their pirate treasure, in sugar plantations, which by 1700 were thriving, at both producing sugar and working people to death.발음듣기
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Soon, this island was the most valuable colony in the West Indies, and possibly in the world.발음듣기
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It produced forty percent of Europe's sugar, sixty percent of its coffee, and it was home to more slaves, than any place except Brazil.발음듣기
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As you'll recall from our discussion of Atlantic slavery, being a slave in a sugar production colony was exceptionally brutal.발음듣기
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In fact, by the late 18th century more slaves were imported, to Saint Domingue every year, more than forty thousand, than the entire white population of the island.발음듣기
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Most of those slaves were African born, because the brutal living and working conditions, prevented natural population growth.발음듣기
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Like, remember Alfred Crosby's fantastic line, "It is crudely true that if man's caloric intake is sufficient, "he will somehow stagger to maturity and he will reproduce."발음듣기
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Yeah, well not in 18th century Haiti, thanks to yellow fever, and small pox, and just miserable working conditions.발음듣기
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They often had more than two hundred slaves, and many of the field workers, in some cases the majority, were women.발음듣기
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Colonial society in Saint Domingue was divided into four groups, which had important consequences for the Revolution.발음듣기
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Often these grand blancs were absentee landlords, who would just rather stay in France, and let their agents, do the actual brutality.발음듣기
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Most of the Frenchmen who came to the island were men, and they frequently fathered children with slave women.발음듣기
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Wasn't that generous of them? By 1789 there were twenty four thousand, eight hundred free people of color, along with about thirty thousand white people in the colony.발음듣기
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Then, below them on the social ladder were the poor whites, or the petite blancs, who worked as artisans and laborers.발음듣기
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At the bottom were the slaves who made up the overwhelming majority. I know what you're thinking.발음듣기
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No, it wasn't! Okay, so when the French Revolution broke out in 1789, all these groups had something to complain about.발음듣기
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The free people of color were still subject to legal discrimination, no matter how wealthy they became.발음듣기
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And the poor whites, in addition to being poor, were resentful of all the privileges held by the wealthy people of color.발음듣기
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The grand blancs were complaining about French trade laws, and the government's attempts to slightly improve, the living and working conditions of slaves.발음듣기
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Basically they were saying that government shouldn't be in the business, of regulating business. So everyone was unhappy.발음듣기
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Is it really any worse than having to work for subsistence- Yeah, I'm going to stop you right there me from the past, before you further embarrass yourself.발음듣기
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You often hear from people attempting to comprehend the horrors of slavery, that slavery couldn't have been all that bad, and that it wasn't that different from working for minimum wage.발음듣기
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We know this because if it had been so bad, slaves would have just revolted, which they never did.발음듣기
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Yeah, well one, equating slavery to poor working conditions, ignores the fact that if you work at, like, Foxconn, Foxconn doesn't get to sell your children to other corporations.발음듣기
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The unrest in what became Haiti, started in 1789, when some slaves heard a rumor that the King of France had freed them.발음듣기
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Even though it was across the ocean, word of the changes in France, reached the people of Haiti, where the declaration of rights of man and citizen, while terrify to planters, gave hope both to free people of color and to slaves.발음듣기
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At the same time, some petite blancs argued, that there was inadequate discrimination against blacks.발음듣기
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They identified with the third estate in France, and they called for interest rates to be lowered, so they could more easily pay their debts.발음듣기
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These radical petite blancs thought, that there were the oppressed people in Saint Domingue.발음듣기
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They thought if they could become independent from France, they could take power from the people of privilege, and institute a democracy where everyone had a voice.발음듣기
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Just like with the Seven Years War, the wars of Revolutionary France, played out in the colonies as well as at home.발음듣기
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Meanwhile, urges toward liberty, fraternity, and equality, were only growing in France and it didn't seem very equitable, to grant citizenship based solely on race.발음듣기
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In May of 1791, the National Assembly gave full French citizenship, to all free men of color.발음듣기
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The petite blancs weren't thrilled about this, and that led to fighting breaking out between them, and the newly French free people of color.발음듣기
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Among the leaders of this revolt was Toussaint Breda, a former slave, of full African descent, who later took the name Toussaint Louverture.발음듣기
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Louverture helped mold the slaves into a disciplined army, that could withstand attacks from the French troops.발음듣기
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The Spanish had consistently supported slave revolts in Saint Domingue, hoping to weaken the French.발음듣기
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In fact, Louverture became an officer in the Spanish military, because the emancipation of the slaves was more important to him, than maintaining his rights as a French citizen.발음듣기
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Then in October of 1793, the British whom, as I'm sure you'll recall, were also at war with France, decided to invade Saint Domingue.발음듣기
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At that point, the French military commanders were like, "We are definitely going to lose this war, if we fight the British, "the Spanish, and the slaves.발음듣기
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So let's free the slaves." They issued decrees freeing the slaves and on February 4th, 1794, the National Convention in Paris ratified those decrees.발음듣기
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By May, having learned of the Convention's action, Louverture switched allegiances to the French and turned the tide of the war.발음듣기
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Thus, the most successful slave revolt in human history, won freedom and citizenship for every slave in the French Caribbean.발음듣기
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Emancipation didn't end the story because the French were still at war, with the Spanish and the English in Saint Domingue.발음듣기
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Luckily for France, Louverture was an excellent general, and luckily for the people of the island Louverture was also an able politician, and between 1794 and 1802 he successfully steered the colony toward independence.발음듣기
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So although slavery was abolished, this didn't end the plantation system, because both Louverture and his compatriot Andre Rigaud, believed that sugar was vital to the economic health of the island.발음듣기
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Soon Louverture and Rigaud came into conflict over Rigaud's refusal, to give up control over one of the southern states on the island, and there was a civil war, which Louverture, with the help of his able lieutenant Jacques Dessalines, was able to win after thirteen months of hard fighting.발음듣기
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Louverture then passed a new constitution, and things were going pretty well on Saint Domingue, with the small problem that it was still technically part of France, which meant that it was about to be ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte.발음듣기
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So, in 1799 Napoleon seized power in France in a coup and his new regime, called the Consulate, because he was the first Consul a la the Roman republic, established a new constitution that specifically pointed out, its laws did not apply to France's overseas colonies.발음듣기
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Napoleon had plans to reconstruct France's empire in North America, that it had lost most of during the Seven Years War.발음듣기
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That's certainly what the former slaves thought was the plan, when in 1802 a French expedition commanded by Napoleon's brother-in-law, Charles Victor Emmanuel I Have Too Many Names LeClerc, showed up in Saint Domingue.발음듣기
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LeClerc eventually had Louverture arrested and shipped to France, where he died in prison in 1803.발음듣기
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But this, itself, did not spark an uprising against the French, because Louverture wasn't actually that popular.발음듣기
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Instead, the former slaves only started fighting, when LeClerc tried to take away their guns.발음듣기
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Thus, beginning a guerrilla war that the French, despite their superior training and weapons, had absolutely no chance of winning.발음듣기
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Although the French were exceedingly cruel, executing women, as well as men, and importing man-eating dogs from Cuba, the Haitians had the best ally of all.발음듣기
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Disease. Specifically in the form of yellow fever, which killed thousands of French soldiers, Including LeClerc himself.발음듣기
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(chair rolling) Stan! Where is my chair? Stan, you're telling me the yellow chair has been lost?발음듣기
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The stars, in order are one me, two yellow chair, three the chalkboard, four Danica, five Meredith the intern, sixth you Stan. You're sixth! Oh, I'm mad.발음듣기
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It seems like even though you're constantly inferring with human history, you don't even care about it.발음듣기
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Like, don't tell me you got to take a day off, to go to your mom's birthday party Stan, that's not imagining me complexly.발음듣기
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So, continued defeat and the death of his troops eventually convinced Napoleon, to give up his dreams of an American empire and cut his losses.발음듣기
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On January 1st, 1804 Dessalines, who had defeated the French, declared the island of Saint Domingue independent, and renamed it Haiti.발음듣기
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Which is what the island had been called by native inhabitants, before the arrival of Columbus.발음듣기
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The Haitian Declaration of Independence was a rejection of France, and to a certain degree, of European racism and colonialism.발음듣기
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It also affirmed, to quote from the book Slave Revolution in the Caribbean, "A broad definition of the new country, "as a refuge for enslaved peoples of all kinds."발음듣기
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A hundred fifty thousand people died in 1802 and 1803 alone. The Haitian Revolutions matter.발음듣기
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They matter because the Haitians, more than any other people in the age of revolutions, stood up for the idea that none should be slaves.발음듣기
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That the people who most need the protection of a government, should be afforded that protection.발음듣기
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