The Agricultural Revolution발음듣기
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The Agricultural Revolution
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Over the next 14 weeks together we will learn how in nearly 15,000 years humans went from hunting and gathering...발음듣기
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Yeah, about the test. The test will measure whether you are an informed, engaged, and productive citizen of the world. 발음듣기
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And it will take place in schools and bars and hospitals and dorm rooms and in places of worship. 발음듣기
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You will be tested on first dates, in job interviews, while watching football and while scrolling through your Tweeter feed.발음듣기
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The test will judge your ability to think about things other than celebrity marriages whether you will be easily persuaded by empty political rhetoric and whether you be able to place your life and your community in a broader context.발음듣기
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The test will last your entire life and it will be comprised of the millions of decisions that when taken together make your life yours and everything...everything will be on it.발음듣기
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In a mere 15,000 year humans went from hunting and gathering to creating such improbabilities as the airplane, the internet, and the 99 cent double cheeseburger.발음듣기
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It's an extraordinary journey, one that I will now symbolize by embarking upon a journey of my own... over to camera 2...발음듣기
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To get this cheeseburger, you have to feed, raise and slaughter cows then grind their meat, then freeze it and ship it to its destination.발음듣기
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You also have to grow some wheat and then process the living crap out of it until it's whiter than Queen Elisabeth I.발음듣기
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That's not even to mention the growing and pickling of cucumbers or the sweetening of tomatoes and the grinding of mustard seeds, etc.발음듣기
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How in the sweet name of everything holy have we ever come to live in a world where such a thing can even be created. 발음듣기
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And how is it possible that those 490 calories can be served to me for an amount of money that if I make the minimum wage here in the US, I can earn it in 11 minutes! And most importantly, should I be delighted or alarmed to live in this strange world of relative abundance.발음듣기
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Well, to answer that question, we are not going to be able to look strictly at history, because there isn't a written record about a lot of these things.발음듣기
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Hunting allowed for a more protein-rich diet, as long you could find something with meat to kill.발음듣기
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Which is one of the reasons why when you look at the history of people populating the planet, we tended to run for the shore and stay there.발음듣기
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While we tend to think the lives of the foragers were nasty, brutish and short, fossil evidence suggests that they actually had it pretty god.발음듣기
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And anthropologists who studied the remaining forager peoples have noted that they actually they spend a lot fewer hours working than the rest of us. 발음듣기
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Also if you believe the classic of anthropology "Nisa", they also have a lot more time for skoodilypooping.발음듣기
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It's worth noting that the cultivation of crops seems to have risen independently over the course of millenia. 발음듣기
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And the number of places, from Africa, to China, to the Americas, using crops that naturally grew nearby.발음듣기
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Rise in Southeast Asia, maize in Mexico, potatoes in the Andes, wheat in the fertile crescent, yams in West Africa. 발음듣기
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And since so many communities made this choice independently, it must have been a good choice.발음듣기
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All right, to answer that question, let's take a look at the advantages and disadvantages of agriculture.발음듣기
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You might have droughts or floods, but if you are growing the crops and breeding them to be heartier, you have a better chance of not starving. 발음듣기
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Disadvantage: in other to keep feeding people as the population grows, you have to radically change the environment of the planet.발음듣기
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Advantage: specially if you grow grain, you can create a food surplus, which makes cities possible and also the specialization of labor.발음듣기
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But if you have a surplus, agriculture can support people not directly involved in the production of food.발음듣기
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Like for instance, trade's people, who can devote their lives to better farming equipment, which in turn makes it easier to produce more food more efficiently, which in time makes it possible for a corporation to turn profit on this 99 cent double cheeseburger.발음듣기
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This is delicious, by the way. It's actually terrible, it's very cold. And I wish, I had not eaten it. 발음듣기
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Some would say that large and complex agricultural communities that can support cities and eventually inexpensive meat sandwiches are not necessarily beneficial to the planet, or even to its human inhabitants.발음듣기
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Although, that it is a little of a bit tough argument to make, coming to you as a I am, in a series of ones and zeros.발음듣기
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Although, in some cases it takes extensive manipulation of the environment, like, you know, irrigation, controlled flooding, that kind of thing.발음듣기
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So hard in fact that one is tempted to claim ownership over other humans and have to till the land on your behalf, which is the kind of non-ideal social order that tends to be associated with agricultural communities.발음듣기
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Also, animals provide meat and milk, but they also help out with shelter, because they can provide with wool and leather.발음듣기
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The downside is that you have to move around a lot, because your herd always needs new grass, which makes it harder to build cities.발음듣기
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But anyway, one of the main reasons herding only caught on certain parts of the world is that there aren't that many animals that lend themselves to domestication.발음듣기
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Like, you have sheep, goats, caddle, pigs, horses, camels, donkeys, reindeer, water buffalo, yaks, all of which have something in common: they aren't native to the Americas.발음듣기
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Elephants, if you had just inserted yourselves in the human life like cows did you could have used your power and intelligence to form secret elephant societies conspiring against the humans. 발음듣기
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And then you could have risen up and destroyed us, and made an awesome elephant world, and elephant cars, and elephant planes.발음듣기
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It would've been so great, but no...you gotta be pregnant for 22 months and just have one kid.발음듣기
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Maybe population pressure necessitated agriculture even though it was more work, or abundance gave people more leisure to experiment with domestication or planting originated as a fertility rite - or as some historians have argued - people needed to domesticate grains in order to produce more alcohol.발음듣기
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saying: "A wild and unusually good variety of native plant might attract the attention of some wise, old savage"발음듣기
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Off-topic: but in will know in the coming weeks, that the definitions of "savage" tends to be "not me".발음듣기
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Maybe the best theory is that there wasn't really an agricultural revolution at all, but that agriculture came out of an evolutionary desire to eat more.발음듣기
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And when you find something that makes food, you want to do more of it. Unless it is this food. 발음듣기
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So, early farmers who would find the most successful forms of wheat and plant them, and experiment with them, not because they were trying to start an agricultural revolution, because they were like, "You know what would be awesome? More food!"발음듣기
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Like, on this topic we have evidence that more than 13,000 years ago humans in Southern Greece were domesticating snails발음듣기
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In the Franchthi Cave there is a huge pile of snail shells, most of them are larger than current snail, suggesting that people who ate them were selectively breeding them to be bigger and more nutritious.발음듣기
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Snails make excellent domesticated food, by the way, because A, surprisingly nutritious, and B, they are easy to carry since they came in their own suitcases. 발음듣기
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Many historian also argue that without agriculture we wouldn't have the bad things that come with complex civilization, like patriarchy, inequality, war, and, unfortunately, famine.발음듣기
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Without it, humans would never have changed the environment so much, building dams, and clearing forests, and more recently drilling for oil that we can turn into fertilizer.발음듣기
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Many people made the choice for agriculture independently, but does that mean that that was the right choice?발음듣기
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That for tens of thousands of years, people have been making decisions that irrevocably shaped the world that we live in today.발음듣기
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Just as today we are making subtle, irrevocable decisions that people in the future will remember as revolutions.발음듣기
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