Bronzino, An Allegory with Venus and Cupid

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Bronzino, An Allegory with Venus and Cupid발음듣기

(piano playing) Female voiceover: We're in the National Gallery, in London, looking at one of the most curious, puzzling paintings in all of art history.발음듣기

Male voiceover: One of the most disturbing paintings.발음듣기

It's by a Mannerist painter, Bronzino, who worked in the Medici Court.발음듣기

Female voiceover: In Florence.발음듣기

Male voiceover: It goes by the title, "Allegory of Venus and Cupid."발음듣기

Female voiceover: Sometimes it's called, "Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time."발음듣기

It's interesting that the National Gallery label only mentions Venus and Cupid, because really, those are the only two figures we can identify with any certainty.발음듣기

Male voiceover: This painting is a great reminder that art history has a lot of work ahead of it.발음듣기

You can see the primary figure, the largest figure, the female nude that faces us.발음듣기

That's Veuns. Her son, the figure that wraps around her, that kisses her, is Cupid.발음듣기

Female voiceover: I find it disturbingly erotic and incestuous.발음듣기

The two figures embrace and kiss, but in a way that is also emptied of any overt eroticism.발음듣기

There's a kind of icy coolness here at the same time.발음듣기

Male voiceover: The coolness that you're speaking of, the aloofness of those figures, is made even more powerful because her ear and their cheeks are the only things that have any warmth.발음듣기

The rest of the figures are a kind of cool, gray-white.발음듣기

Female voiceover: But the other figures aren't.발음듣기

They all seem to express an idea to stand for something.발음듣기

Male voiceover: Well, that's why this must be a kind of visual poetry.발음듣기

Female voiceover: Or a pun, or a riddle.발음듣기

Male voiceover: We know that the Court of Cosimo de' Medici loved that.발음듣기

Female voiceover: We think that this was likely a present from Cosimo de' Medici to King Francis I of France, a great art collector and patron.발음듣기

Male voicover: Okay, so we've established that we have no idea what this painting is about, but let's spend a moment really looking at the painting carefully, and describing what we do understand.발음듣기

We know this is Venus, in part, because she's a nude female, front and center.발음듣기

But also by the fact that she holds in her left hand, a golden apple.발음듣기

This was a prize that she had won from Paris, that is a part of the great Ancient Greek myth of the Trojan War.발음듣기

Female voiceover: In her right hand, she holds an arrow that she's stolen from Cupid, as though disarming him, a subject that we often see in Art History.발음듣기

Male voiceover: These are typical traits.발음듣기

These are two figures that are easy to identify.발음듣기

Female voiceover: Although, I've never seen them shown embracing like this.발음듣기

Male voiceover: No. If you follow the zig-zag of Cupid's body, you end at his foot.발음듣기

Just below that, in the very corner of the painting, is a Dove, which is another attribute or symbol of Venus.발음듣기

Female voiceover: Now, you used the word "zig-zag" for Cupid's body. I think that's also a term that we could use for Venus' body.발음듣기

We go from her right hand, holding that [quiver], across her shoulder, down her torso, and then across her legs.발음듣기

Maybe that's a metaphor for this whole painting, this zig-zagging, this back-and-forth of what does this mean, and how do these things relate to each other?발음듣기

Male voiceover: Oppositions that construct this painting, if we follow that zig-zag down Venus' body, and we move across the legs to the bottom right corner of the painting, we find two masks.발음듣기

We have no idea what they're there for.발음듣기

Female voiceover: But masks generally refer to deception, a kind of hiding.발음듣기

Male voiceover: Just above the masks, we see another nude figure, a young child, who seems as if he's about to throw blossoms on the couple.발음듣기

Female voiceover: Art historians have speculated that this figure represents pleasure or folly.발음듣기

Male voiceover: Well he looks incredibly mischievous, doesn't it?발음듣기

Female voiceover: He does.발음듣기

He has bells on his left ankle.발음듣기

Male voiceover: More troubling, just behind him is the head of a girl, but on the body of a serpent, with the legs of a lion, and with the tail of a scorpion.발음듣기

Female voiceover: Her face is in shadow.발음듣기

In her right hand, she holds a honeycomb.발음듣기

Her left hand, which is illuminated, tilts back away from us in this way that looks almost anatomically distorted.발음듣기

She seems to hold her tail that has, at the tip of it, a stinger.발음듣기

Male voiceover: So, on the one hand, she's holding a honeycomb, which is a traditional symbol of pleasure, and of course ...발음듣기

Female voiceover: Of temptation.발음듣기

Male voiceover: Of sweetness. But then, there's the price.발음듣기

Female voiceover:Exactly. Then, above this, a figure who seems to be Father Time, or Cronus in ancient mythology.발음듣기

He's identifiable by the hourglass that's on his back.발음듣기

Male voiceover: You can actually see that there is sand pouring through that hourglass, if you look very closely.발음듣기

You can also just make out a wing that's coming out from his body.발음듣기

He helps to frame the upper part of this canvas. At the bottom, Venus' legs.발음듣기

Then, at the top, his arm.발음듣기

I'm interested in the way that his right hand is bent around, so that we see the back of his hand very much like the young girl serpent.발음듣기

Female voiceover: It's hard to tell what he's doing with that hand.발음듣기

Is he pulling this blue cloth away, or is he seeking to hide it from that figure in the upper left, who he's looking anxiously toward?발음듣기

Male voiceover: The figure in the upper left is one of the most contentious.발음듣기

In other words, we really don't know what that figure is.발음듣기

That figure seems to be painted as a mask.발음듣기

Some people have described that figure as oblivion.발음듣기

Some people have described that figure as night.발음듣기

Some people have described that figure as fraud.발음듣기

Female voiceover: Below that, we have a figure who is grasping its head with its hands.발음듣기

Male voiceover: And screaming.발음듣기

Female voiceover: Art historians think this perhaps could represent syphilis, the venereal disease.발음듣기

So, is this some kind of [maul] about the cost of pleasure, perhaps, that time reveals? Hard to know.발음듣기

Male voiceover: So, on one side we have folly.발음듣기

Perhaps, on the other, insane regret.발음듣기

There is this series of oppositions, this lasciviousness, this crossing of boundaries, deeply uncomfortable.발음듣기

Female voiceover: We feel uncomfortable.발음듣기

It's hard to know what Cosimo de' Medici thought of the Medici Court, or Francis I, for whom it was likely a gift.발음듣기

But, it does seem as though it's a kind of intellectual puzzle, something that had multiple meanings, unlike the Renaissance paintings, that have a sense of balance, and harmony, and structure.발음듣기

This painting doesn't give us any one thing to look at, but gives us many things, so our eye moves around the edges, and one thing leads to another. There's never a conclusion.발음듣기

Male voiceover: For me, this painting is a reminder that the conceit that we have, the technology that our society, that our culture, gains more and more, that we learn more and more.발음듣기

It's a reminder that we've also lost, that we've forgotten that the past and its meanings have slipped out of our grasp.발음듣기

Female voiceover: It's quite likely that we'll never recover what this painting really means. (piano playing)발음듣기

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