Pentecost and Mission to the Apostles Tympanum, Vézelay발음듣기
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Pentecost and Mission to the Apostles Tympanum, Vézelay
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(piano playing) Beth: We've just walked up a very steep hill, in the town of Vaszelay, in Burgundy, in France, and we're in the Church of La Madeleine.발음듣기
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Steven: We're in the narthex, actually, which is the forecourt inside the church, before you walk into the Basilica itself, and, in the second set of doorways, on the main portal above, are a set of incredible tympana, but the central one is just astonishing.발음듣기
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Steven: The pilgrimage routes that worshippers could follow, on their way to Santiago de Compostela, in Spain, from church to church, from set of relics to set of relics.발음듣기
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Beth: This church is important for the relics, and is a place where a pilgrimage route began, but it's also important because this was the place that the Second and Third Crusades began.발음듣기
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Steven: The First Crusade, which began in 1095, was an attempt by Christians, in the West, to retake Jerusalem from the Muslims.발음듣기
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Now, of course, this was a terribly violent campaign and, although, they were initially successful, ultimately, they were driven out.발음듣기
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The second campaign was called by the Abbot Clairvaux who wanted the Crusaders to go forth into non-Christian lands and to convert those foreigners.발음듣기
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This idea of moving out and converting the world is reflected in the subject matter of this tympanum.발음듣기
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Christ is giving his Um,ission to the Apostles to spread the Gospel to all peoples of all nations, and all creatures.발음듣기
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Those would be the Gospels themselves that they're going to be preaching, and, if you look very closely, you can see that there are rays, miraculous representations of light, that are reaching from Christ's fingers to the Apostles themselves.발음듣기
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Beth: Some art historians have interpreted this scene as the Mission to the Apostles, and some as the event that happened, 10 days later, of the Pentecost, when the Holy Spirit descended on the Apostles and they were given the ability to speak in many languages to convert the peoples of the Earth.발음듣기
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Steven: This tympanum is quite deliberate in representing the host peoples of the Earth, and, in a sense, the strangeness of the world beyond Christian borders.발음듣기
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The First Crusaders had come back with marvelous stories, and they had spoken of people from southern Asia who had ears large enough to wrap themselves in.발음듣기
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They spoke of small people that needed ladders to get up on to their horses, and that's represented also, literally, here.발음듣기
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This really speaks to the ignorance and, in some ways, the fear that people here had of the worlds that they didn't know.발음듣기
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The knees are together, but they're pushed to our right, and I suspect that this was one of the ways that his divinity is represented. Look at his body.발음듣기
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There are those marvelous kinds of swirls, and it's as if the cloth itself is a sign of his spirituality.발음듣기
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Beth: Well, and I think there's a divine energy that seems to run through the figures in their gestures and their limbs.발음듣기
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Beth: And, here we are, in the early 12th century, at this moment of the rebirth of monumental sculpture in the West.발음듣기
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Steven: Some scholars have suggested that the stylization, especially of the cloth, can be seen in representations in painting from this time, especially paintings from Cluny, the large Benedictine church just south of here.발음듣기
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Beth: Then, actually, there's one example that survives, of painting, from that period, at Berzas-la-Ville, that some scholars suggest this resembles.발음듣기
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Steven: It makes sense that, since large scale figural sculpture was just being revived, that artists would look to other media for systems of representation.발음듣기
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We have the Apostles on either side, and then, down in the lintel, we have the peoples of the world, from different historical periods.발음듣기
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Beth: And, specifically, the power that Christ gave the Apostles to save and condemn, to preach the Gospel to all nations and creatures, to heal the sick, to drive out demons.발음듣기
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But, I think it's crucial that all of this reference to the New Testament is also, at the same time, meant to be an inspiration for medieval men to go out and convert, to go out and save.발음듣기
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