Charlemagne and the Carolingian revival (2 of 2)발음듣기
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Charlemagne and the Carolingian revival (2 of 2)
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출처 : 칸아카데미
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Woman: It is odd to find out the origin of something we take for granted like the question mark.발음듣기
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He was famously crowned emperor in 800 by the Pope in Rome and he ruled over a collection of kingdoms that he had conquered, that his father had conquered, that his grandfather had conquered.발음듣기
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These are people who migrated into Western Europe from the East, and who settled into what is now Germany and Northern France.발음듣기
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Eventually, over generations, this is before Charlemagne, they were able to consolidate their power and by the time we get to about 800, Charlemagne is ruling a vast expanse of Europe.발음듣기
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So how do we put together this idea of this warlord conquering whole kingdoms and somebody who invents the question mark, who invents punctuation as we use it?발음듣기
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Charlemagne had to govern a vast kingdom where there were many different languages and dialects spoken.발음듣기
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These were when castles were being built because people were marauding. Armies were attacking.발음듣기
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Woman: So the stability that was there because of the Roman Empire, the relative stability is gone.발음듣기
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Man: The Romans had law, they had roads, they had trade systems. They had educational systems.발음듣기
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Woman: They had a vast bureaucracy and trained civil servants to help the government run. All of that was gone.발음듣기
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Man: So they had to figure out how they could create systems again based in part on the old Roman systems, that were capable of holding this empire together. But Charlemagne was deeply religious.발음듣기
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He took his Catholic faith very seriously, and that became the binding agent for all of these diverse peoples and lands.발음듣기
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Woman: Charlemagne wanted to rule over a Christian kingdom and saw himself as a divinely ordained emperor.발음듣기
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He needed to find a way that he could begin to educate these people so that he could expose the population to a correct version of Catholicism, that is, that they could get it right.발음듣기
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Woman: And it was important to get it right, because what had happened over the centuries is that because of the lack of a central government and central structures, different tribes were doing things differently.발음듣기
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Educating the abbots, the bishops, the priests, so that when they read the literagy, they were reading the correct thing.발음듣기
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Woman: The priests are teaching to those very people, but it's the priestly class that needed to be literate and educated.발음듣기
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From all across Europe. He brings in people from Spain, from Italy, from England, from Ireland.발음듣기
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Woman: Well, to get a sense of how important learning was to Charlemagne, we have this quote from an early biographer.발음듣기
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He avidly pursued the liberal arts and greatly honored those teachers whom "he deeply respected.발음듣기
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For the other disciplines, he took as his teacher Alcuin of Britain, "the most learned man in the entire world.발음듣기
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Charlemagne invested a great deal of time and effort setting rhetoric, dialectic, "and particularly astronomy with him.발음듣기
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He learned the art of calculating and with deep purpose and great curiosity, "investigated the movement of the stars.발음듣기
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He also attempted to learn how to write, and for this reason, he used to place "wax tablets and notebooks under his pillow "on his bed so that if he had any free time, "he might accustom his hand to forming letters.발음듣기
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I love that image of Charlemagne, the emperor sleeping with a tablet under his pillow so he can squeeze in some time to practice writing.발음듣기
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Man: So Charlegmane created the political stability and the wealth that allowed him to begin to institute a kind of rigorous educational system.발음듣기
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Remember, Latin had been spoken by the ancient Romans, but that was hundreds of years before.발음듣기
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Woman: And Latin was importantly the language of government, and it was the language of the church.발음듣기
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This is the moment in history Latin begins to evolve into what we will eventually recognize as Spanish, as French, as Italian.발음듣기
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The divergence of what had been Latin, Charlemagne was interested in revising Latin, removing the change that had accumulated in Latin over the centuries, and reforming Latin, bringing it back to what he thought was its classical form, which means that we really have two different kinds of language.발음듣기
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The high language Latin of the church, of government, and we have the common spoken languages of the people.발음듣기
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Man: Now what this allows is the ramping up of the production of religious texts and other ancient texts.발음듣기
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Woman: In the several hundred years before Charlemagne, we have 500 manuscripts that survive.발음듣기
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But between 750 and 900, about the time that we consider the Carolingian period of Charlemagne and his successors, we have 7,000.발음듣기
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So there is clearly a deliberate attempt to retrieve, to preserve and to copy text and also to correct texts.발음듣기
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By some accounts, one skilled scribe could copy as many as 7 pages with 25 lines on each page in one day. So this is slow going.발음듣기
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It is difficult toil. It is hard to bend the neck and plow "through the pages for three hours.발음듣기
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Just as it is sweet for the sailor to reach harbor, so sweet is it for the writer to put the final letter on the page."발음듣기
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Woman: And because they were so concerned about doing it exactly right, the Carolingians helped to develop a new kind of script called Minuscule.발음듣기
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So just like Charlemagne was interested in standardizing, correcting the Bible and other texts, he was interested in standardizing writing so that more and more people could read it and more and more Monks would be able to copy it.발음듣기
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Man: Right. He was lowering the bar in terms of the difficulty of writing so that he could create more efficiency and create more production so that more books could go out from the monasteries to the local churches and more people could get it right.발음듣기
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Scribes often showed off with little calligraphic flourishes that made it difficult to read. Charlemagne was all about legibility.발음듣기
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Charlemagne is all about correcting, reforming, standardizing, and wielded enormous power to make those things happen.발음듣기
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It's important to remember at the same time that he is doing all these fabulous educational and cultural reforms, he is also leading armies and conquering people.발음듣기
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Man: So all this education was necessary because Charlemagne was trying to create this Christian kingdom.발음듣기
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He had moved beyond the borders that his father, his grandfather, his great grandfather had accumulated.발음듣기
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He moved South into Italy, conquering the Germanic tribe, the Lombards, and taking on the title King of the Lombards.발음듣기
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He pushed successfully into Spain just a bit in the area that is now Catalonia and the Basque region.발음듣기
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For all his educational reforms, we have to also remember that he could be a ruthless warrior.발음듣기
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But some of his men were attacked by a group of rebel Saxons and Charlemagne took his vengeance on Saxon captives, executing 4,500 in one day cutting off their heads.발음듣기
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Many historians call this Carolingian period a Renaissance or at the very least a Revival. A Revival of classical learning.발음듣기
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Charlemagne intentionally looked back to ancient Rome, especially the period of ancient Rome that was Christian.발음듣기
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For example, under Constantine. Above and beyond the question mark, 90% of classical texts survived due to Charlemagne's scribes.발음듣기
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Woman: In fact, some scholars believe that Charlemagne actually issued a call across his empire for rare and important books so that they would be copied and preserved.발음듣기
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